After the fall of Mosul Moqtada al-Sadr mobilized his
followers into a new militia called the Peace Brigades. They along with other
Shiite armed groups provided the manpower to confront the insurgency that was lost
by the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) during the summer. In February 2015 Sadr withdrew
his men from the front however after Sheikh Qasim al-Janabi was killed in
Baghdad. By doing so he was attempting to maintain his nationalist credentials,
while also taking shots at his rivals.
In the middle of February
2015 Moqtada al-Sadr froze his two militias the Promised Day Brigades and
the Peace Brigades. On February 17, he answered a question by one of his
followers to try to explain his decision. Sadr called for parties to end their
boycott of the government. This was a reference to the Union of Iraq Forces,
the main Sunni block, and Iyad Allawi’s National Coalition pulling
out of parliament to protest the murder of Babil Sheikh Qasim Janabi.
Janabi and his entourage were picked up at a checkpoint on February 13. All but
one of that group was later found
dead in eastern Baghdad’s Shaab neighborhood. Militias were immediately
suspected of the murders due to where the bodies were found. That was the
subject of the rest of Sadr’s statement. He attacked what he called “brazen
militias” who were out to undermine the government and did not follow the chain
of command laid out by the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF). Sadr’s comments had two
main goals. First, Sadr likes to portray himself as a nationalist statesman. In
recent years he has often taken steps to show national unity such as when he
backed the no confidence vote against Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki with Iyad
Allawi’s Iraqi National Movement and the Kurdish Alliance in 2012. This was
another one of those occasions. Two lists were walking out of the government to
protest the murder of a prominent sheikh. Sadr wanted to show solidarity with
them, while also advising them not to abandon their positions, as it would
achieve little. Second, Sadr was taking the time to attack his rivals, namely
Asaib Ahl Al-Haq (AAH). AAH was originally created
as part of a covert alliance between Sadr and Iran to carry out attacks upon
the Americans. Later, Iran grew tired of working with Sadr who they believed
was too difficult, and encouraged his top lieutenant and AAH leader Qais
Khazali to break away. Since then Khazali has claimed to be the true heir of
Sadr’s father Ayatollah Mohammed Sadiq al-Sadr’s legacy, and the two groups
have fought
each other before. Sadr has often attacked AAH, especially for its ties to
Iran. For example, when AAH went to fight in Syria at the behest of Tehran,
Sadr called them “foreign
entities”. The death of Janabi provided the opportunity for Sadr to take
another jab at AAH even if they weren’t involved in the killing. It was also
connected to his nationalist position, as he believes that AAH serves Tehran
rather than Baghdad.
Moqtada al-Sadr’s freeze is only a temporary one. The threat
from the Islamic State is too great, and not staying in that fight would
threaten Sadr’s credentials. At the same time, the death of Sheikh Janabi
threatened the national unity government, and Sadr felt he needed to respond to
that. His attacks upon other militias also showed that the Shiite armed
factions are not a monolithic group. Rather there are several different groups,
each with its own agenda some of which do not like each other such as the
Sadrists and Asaib Ahl Al-Haq. That rivalry extends to the battlefield as well
as the two refuse to work with each other. That begs the question of what will
happen between these organizations once the insurgency is beaten back, because
their animosity still runs deep and they could very well go back to fighting
each other. Before the government did nothing about that as Prime Minister
Nouri al-Maliki was using AAH to cut into the Sadr movement. Premier Haider
Abadi on the other hand does not have a dog in that fight. It will be a major
test to assert the primacy of the state over the use of force in the country
with so many militias emboldened by the war. While many men who were volunteers
will be demobilized the groups will want to keep their core fighters and there
is still the conflict in Syria, which could quickly become a focus of the
pro-Iran factions once again as it was before the Iraqi insurgency was reborn. This
is just one of the long term issues that Iraq will face after specific incidents
such as the murder of Sheikh Janabi pass from the headlines.
SOURCES
Fahim, Kareem, “Sunni Lawmakers to Boycott Iraqi Parliament
Over Shiite Militias,” New York Times, 2/15/15
Habib, Mustafa, “Better Pay, Better Weapons: Are Shiite
Militias Growing More Powerful Than Iraqi Army?” Niqash, 1/29/15
Martin, Patrick and al-Dulimi, Omar with Kagan, Kimberly and
Adnan, Sinan, “Iranian-Backed Militias Cause a Political Crisis for Iraq,”
Institute for the Study of War, 2/18/15
Shafaq News, “Al-Sadr decides to freeze al-Salam brigades:
Iraq suffers from brazen militias,” 2/17/15
Xinhua, “Iraq’s Sunni MPs boycott parliament sessions for
killing of tribal leader,” 2/14/15
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