Since the Islamic State’s (IS) summer offensive was launched
the group has left a bloody trail behind it in the territory it conquered. It
not only went after the country’s minorities such as the Yazidis, Shabaks,
Turkmen and Christians, but attacked Sunnis and Shiites alike. These abuses
were recently document in a United Nations human
rights report. The declaration of the Caliphate in June has proven to be as
much about eliminating any differences and opposition to IS as establishing a
state.
The Islamic State has executed members of the Iraqi Security
Forces (ISF). The most famous incident was the massacre of a reported 1,700
soldiers taken at Camp Speicher after the fall of Tikrit in June. Human
Rights Watch has tried to confirm this mass shooting and identified several
sites where the murders took place. There have been plenty of similar incidents
since then. For example, on July 9 IS seized 60 former soldiers in three
neighborhoods of Mosul who were not seen again. July 16 42 soldiers were
captured and killed in Awenat, Salahaddin. July 25 18 police were found shot in
Abasia, Salahaddin. At the end of August two mass graves were found in Sulaiman
Bek, one of which included 15 members of the ISF who had been executed. August
29 and 31 the bodies of 7 soldiers and 5 police were found dumped in two areas
of Diyala. Finally on September
10 31 police were shot in Ninewa, and six more were killed in Shirqat,
Salahaddin on September
28. IS has offered members of the ISF and civil servants who are now living
under its control the opportunity to repent and pledge allegiance to it.
Pictures of repentance ceremonies have been posted on line. That might have
saved some lives, but in many situations IS is killing ISF members to eliminate
those that fought against it and intimidate those that are now under its
control.
A similar tactic has been mass abductions, the bombing of
homes, and executions of civilians so that IS can impose its will over the
population. In the middle of July it blew up 200 homes in Zawija, Salahaddin. On
July 27 the Islamic State kidnapped 20 religious students in Mosul. August 7 it
took away eleven people from Samra in Salahaddin who were accused of working with
the ISF. August 15 twelve people were found shot in Tikrit, Salahaddin, and at
the end of that month 19 were executed in Sadiya, Diyala for refusing to pledge
allegiance to the Islamic State. September
11 IS kidnapped 20 people, three of which were later found dead. Finally
from October 5 to 7 the Islamic
State executed
a total of 39 people in Baaj
and Mosul.
In order to control its conquered territory IS has consistently used violence
as a tool. It has relentlessly eliminated any who stand in its way, and
instituted Islamic courts to publicly try those that live under its rule. More
cases like these are likely to be discovered in the future.
Nabi Younis Shrine in Ninewa after its destruction by the
Islamic State in July (Reuters)
Another part of the Islamic State’s campaign has been the
destruction of Iraq’s religious and cultural sites that do not fit its
religious doctrine. In July IS blew up Shiite mosques in Shanaf, Staeh, Sada,
and Mosul in Ninewa. Sunni sites fared no better. July 23 the Imam Yahya Abu
al-Qassim shrine in Shafa, Ninewa was blown up followed by the al-Sahirchy and
Imam Abdul Rahman tombs in Mosul on September 2, and the Ain Sada cemetery the
next day. Other shrines and historical sites destroyed include the oldest
library in Tal Afar, the Prophet Daniels’ shrine, the Imam Abdul Oula shrine,
the Aoun al-Din Bin al-Hassan shrine, the Nabi Younis Shrine, the Ali al-Asghir
Bin al-Hassan shrine, the Prophet Sheet shrine, the Nabi Jarjees shrine, the
Qatheeb al-Ban shrine, and the Abdullah al-Baqir al-Hassani mosque. IS did the
same in Syria. It has now brought the same devastation to Iraq, because it does
not believe these historical sites are Islamic. Rather it considers them signs
of polytheism,
the worship of more than one god.
Christian house marked by IS in Mosul (AINA)
Christians have been a favorite target of IS because they
are considered a symbol of the west. In July IS distributed flyers in Mosul
telling Christians they had to convert to Islam or pay a tax or face death.
Church leaders in the city were then told to report to the militants, but they
refused. Then a second order was issued saying that Christians had to follow
the first one or leave Mosul. In the meantime the Islamic State began marking
Christian houses. Most of the Christians ended up fleeing the city rather than
complying. Many Christians had already left Mosul over the preceding years due
to all the violence directed at them by insurgents. Now there are few left in
what used to be one of the most diverse areas of Iraq.
Yazidis faced a worse fate as they are considered devil
worshippers by IS. Yazidis were taken before Islamic courts and forced to
covert or be executed. Women have been sold in Mosul, and some married off to
IS fighters. Mass executions took place after Sinjar was taken in early August.
August 3 10 Yazidi families were executed, and then up to 330 men the next day.
The
pattern was to go into a village, take away the men to be shot, while
kidnapping the women. Many of the Yazidi homeland in Ninewa was destroyed in
the process with mass displacement. The Kurds have retaken a few of these
villages, and Yazidi fighters are trying to organize themselves on Mount
Sinjar, but it’s unclear how many people want
to return to their homes as they have gone through such a traumatic
experience.
Turkmen, Shabaks, and Kurds have been singled out as well.
When IS took Tal Afar in western Ninewa in June it killed and wounded Turkmen
civilians, destroyed religious sites and houses, looted towns, and kidnapped 38
people. It also took away 40 Turkmen from Mosul in July. During Friday prayers
on July 11 in Mosul a mosque called for Sunnis to kill Shabaks in the city. The
next day six Shabaks were kidnapped from Bazwaya and ten from Hilocan and
Gogjali in Ninewa, then 43 families were taken from three different districts
of Mosul from July 29-30, followed by 26 from Nimrod August 20-21. Finally, on
July 22 IS distributed flyers in Mosul telling Kurdish families they had to
leave or be killed. While individual Turkmen and Kurds might be accepted into
the Islamic State as groups they along with the Shabaks have no place in the
Caliphate. There are Shiite Turkmen, Kurds are considered usurpers of Arab
land, while the Shabaks are not Muslims. Again, all of these communities were
targeted before, and now that IS controls many of their areas in northern Iraq
it has more opportunities to oppress them.
The creation of the Islamic State’s caliphate has meant the
destruction of parts of Iraqi society. Every sector is under attack in the
section of Iraq now under IS control. Members of the security forces and
regular civilians are being kidnapped and killed. Northern Iraq’s history is
being wiped out, and its minorities being driven out and murdered. All of the
diversity and culture in the northern section of the country is being rubbed
out. Many of these communities may never be reconstituted because they may not
feel safe enough to return to their homes. Iraq is being irreparably harmed
with all the death, destruction, hatred, and divisions being created, which is
exactly what the Islamic State wants. Worse yet, the group is not done as it is
still making advances in both Syria and Iraq.
SOURCES
Alsumaria,
"Daash executed 15 people west of Mosul," 10/5/14
Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) Human Rights Office,
“ Report on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in Iraq: 6 July – 10
September 2014,” 10/2/14
Human
Rights Watch, "Islamic State Executions in Tikrit," 9/3/14
Iraq
Times, "Mass grave found of women in Mosul forest area," 10/6/14
Mamouri, Ali, “Islamic State destroys sacred shrine in
Mosul,” Al-Monitor, 7/25/14
NINA,
"Daash kidnaps 20 members of the former Sahwa forces west of Kirkuk,"
9/11/14
-
"The IS executes four young people from Mosul and their bodies were
delivered to the forensic medicine," 10/7/14
-
"Islamic State executes 14 civilians in Mosul," 10/5/14
-
"Islamic State executes 31 police officers in Nineveh refused to cooperate
with them," 9/10/14
-
"Islamic State executes six police, including 2 officers north of
Tikrit," 9/28/14
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