Musings On Iraq review A Short History of Iraq
Musings On Iraq review An Analysis of Hanna Batatu’s The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq
Musings on Iraq review Mosul Before Iraq, Like Bees Making Five-Sided Cells
Musings On Iraq review Christianity in Iraq
Musings On Iraq review Iraq in Turmoil, Historical Perspectives of Dr. Ali al-Wardi, From the Ottoman Empire to King Feisal
Musings On Iraq review Dictatorship, Imperialism & Chaos, Iraq since 1989
Musings On Iraq review The Kurds, A Modern History
Musings On Iraq review Understanding Iraq, the Whole Sweep of Iraqi History, from Genghis Khan’s Mongols to the Ottoman Turks to the British Mandate to the American Occupation
Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between Occupations, Perspectives from 1920 to the Present
Musings On Iraq review The Modern History of Iraq
Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between the Two World Wars, The Militarist Origins of Tyranny
Musings On Iraq review The Making of Iraq 1900-1963, Capital, Power and Ideology
Musings On Iraq review Arab War Lords and Iraqi Star Gazers, Second Edition, Gertrude Bell’s Arab of Mesopotamia
1526
Safavid governor of Baghdad revolted and declared allegiance to Ottomans
1529
Portuguese took Basra as base to protect its sea routes from Europe to Asia
Safavids retook Baghdad from Ottomans
1532
Sultan Suleiman I launched first of three campaigns in Mesopotamia against the Safavids
1534
Nov 18 Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I conquered Baghdad Renovated the city
1546
Ottomans captured Basra
1555
Treaty of Amasia between Ottomans and Safavids gave Mesopotamia and Shatt al-Arab to
Ottomans
1605
Janissaries took over Baghdad
1619
Janissary officer Bakr Subashi took control of Baghdad
1623
Bakr Subashi gave loyalty to Safavids to try to hold off Ottoman force sent to overthrow him
Safavids under Shah Abbas I conquered Baghdad after 3 month siege Destroyed Sunni tomb
of Abu Hanif and Gailani shrine
1624
Ottoman Sultan Murad IV laid siege to Baghdad and failed
1625
Safavids failed to seize Basra
Ottoman governor of Basra sold his position to Afrasiyab family that would hold office for
several generations
Ottoman Sultan Murad IV laid siege to Baghdad Gave up in 1626
1629
Safavids failed to seize Basra for a second time
Ottoman Sultan Murad IV laid siege to Baghdad 2nd time and failed
1637
Ottoman Sultan Murad IV laid siege to Baghdad 3rd time and failed
1638
Dec 22 Ottoman Sultan Murad IV began last siege of Baghdad Eventually took city by end of
year Massacred Shiites afterward
1639
Mar 17 Treaty of Zuhab ended Ottoman-Safavid War and gave Ottomans most of
Mesopotamia
(Musings On Iraq review An Analysis of Hanna Batatu’s The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq)
1640
Shammar Confederation moved from middle Arabia into Levant waging 20 year war with
Mawali Confederacy Mawali fled southern Iraq and moved north towards Syria
1649
Floods destroyed parts of Baghdad
1653
Ottomans sent troops to Basra to overthrow Governor Afrasiyab who was moving towards
independence
1655
Janissary riots led Baghdad governor to flee
1668
Baghdad sent troops to overthrow governor Ended Afrasiyab family controlling office
1690
Plague hit Baghdad wiping out most of the population
1693
Floods destroyed parts of Baghdad
1694
Mutafiq tribe took control of Basra
1723
Ottoman governor Hassan Pasha organized Janissaries and Iraqi tribes in campaign against
declining Safavid empire Captured Karmanshah
1723
Hassan Pasha died on campaign against Safavids Led to tribal revolts in Iraq that had to be
put down by Ottoman forces
East India Company set up permanent trading house in Basra
1727
Declared Year of the Elephant in Baghdad after Afghans gave elephant as gift to Ottoman
governor Ahmed Pasha in truce deal
Name Iraq first began being used by Ottomans to refer to area of Baghdad and Basra
provinces
1732
Safavids invaded Baghdad province
1733
January General Nadir Qali of Safavid empire demanded access to Shiite shrines and return
of Persian prisoners Ended up attacking Baghdad Siege failed
Battle between Safavids and Ottomans outside Kirkuk Ottomans were defeated Rumors of
succession struggles meant Safavids couldn’t advance on Baghdad
1735
Safavids invaded Baghdad province
1738
Muntafiq Confederacy led Sadoun Revolt declaring sultanate in Najaf and Kufa
1741
Ottoman Governor Ahmed Pasha put down Muntafiq Confederacy’s Sadoun Revolt in Najaf
and Kufa
1743
Safavids invaded Basra province
1747
Mamluks began rule in Baghdad for Ottomans
1763
British East India Company made Basra its headquarters in Persian Gulf
1764
British set up consulate in Basra as part of overland postal system linking Europe with India
1767
British East India Company signed treaty with Ottomans to allow it naval protection of
Basra’s trade
1773
Plague hit Basra city wiping out 1/3 of population
1776
Safavids took Basra city after 1 year siege
1798
British set up consulate in Baghdad as part of overland postal system linking Europe with
India
British secretary of war worried that Napoleon would land an army in Syria, march to
Baghdad and then down to the Persian Gulf and then onto India
1802
Apr 21 Wahabi army from Arabia sacked Karbala 2,000-5,000 killed
1831
Ottomans restored direct rule over Baghdad from Mamluks after plague hit city
1832
Jihad declared against Ottoman Governor of Baghdad Ali Rida Pasha after woman was
violated and populace tired of rampant crime
Shammar tribe threatened Baghdad in tribal revolt
1834
British introduced 1st steamboats along Euphrates and Tigris Rivers Was used as part of
postal system connecting Europe with India
1842
Ottoman Governor Neguib Pasha laid siege to Karbala what was criminal center Conducted
massacre of residents afterward
1843
Anglo-Russian commission mapped border between Ottomans and Persia from Mount
Ararat to Persian Gulf
Baghdad governor sent forces to take control of Najaf and Karbala from gangs aligned
with merchants and clerics
1847
May 21 Treaty of Arzurum to set border between Ottoman Empire and Persia gave
Sulaymaniya and Shatt al-Arab to Ottomans Set up commission to demarcate rest of border between two but never finished Treaty became disputed after Iraq independence in 1932
1854
May 2 Riot in Mosul versus Ottoman reforms Attacked Christians and Jews for
businesses they ran and control of taxes that caused resentment
(Musings On Iraq review Christianity in Iraq)
1861
Telegraph established between Baghdad and Istanbul
1862
Steamship route from Basra to Bombay established by British
1869
Midhat Pasha became governor of Baghdad Major Ottoman reformer
1877
Iraq held elections for chamber of designees in Istanbul
1879
Sadoun revolt started Mansur Sadoun declared independent emirate from Basra to
Baghdad
1881
Sadoun revolt put down by Ottoman army
1899
Ottmans gave German company contract to build railroad from Istanbul to Basra
1906
Oct 15 Protests in Mosul ended against Ottoman census that included counting women
1909
Jan 5 Riot in Mosul after Kirkuk soldier insulted a woman Organized by elites opposed to
Ottoman reforms 60 killed
Jan 6 Riots in Mosul killed Sheikh Said Sufi leader in Sulaymaniya Led his followers to
revolt cutting off trade in northern Mosul province
Oct 17 Mosul representatives to new Ottoman Assembly left for Istanbul Was part of Young
Turks’ reforms
1911
Ottomans and Persians questioned 1847 Treaty of Arzurum British and Russians pressured two
sides to mediate border disputes
1913
Oct 28 Secret Ahd Association of Ottoman officers formed Included many Iraqis that
would become leaders and prime ministers under monarchy such as Nuri al-Said Yasin Hashemi Jamil Midfai and others Called for Arab autonomy
Nov 4 Constantinople Protocol set new border between Ottomans and Persia Ottomans kept
Shatt al-Arab waterway
1914
Jun 19 Germany and England asked Ottomans for oil concessions in Mosul and
Baghdad provinces
Jun 28 Ottomans agreed to oil concessions for British and Germans in Mosul and
Baghdad provinces Never happened because of WWI
Aug 2 Ottomans signed alliance with Germany that would bring Mesopotamia into WW1
WORLD WAR I
Nov 5 England and France declared war on Ottoman Empire Would lead Mesopotamia
into WWI
Nov 5 British Gen Delmain head of Indian Expeditionary Force told to protect oil
infrastructure and only take Basra if the Ottomans joined WWI
Nov 6 British troops landed at Fao, Basra starting war against Ottomans in
Mesopotamia
Nov 7 British forces started march from Fao to city of Basra
Nov 8 British troops seized Ottoman fort at Fao
Nov 11 Battle of Basra began when Ottomans attacked and were turned back by British
Nov 12 British forces in Fao launched reconnaissance in force near Salhan, Basra
Nov 15 British troops began attack on Basra City
Nov 16 British forces attacked Zain, Basra
Nov 18 British launched second attack on Zain, Basra
Nov 19 British troops took fort at Sahil in the city of Basra
Nov 20 Arab tribes told British forces Ottomans had abandoned Basra British forces set
out to take city
Nov 21 British troops entered Basra city
Nov 23 British forces officially took Basra city
Dec 3 Start of Battle of Qurna British attacked but beaten back
Dec 6 British forces attacked Qurna 2nd time and forced Turks to surrender Took 1,000
prisoners
Dec 9 Ottomans defeated by British at Battle of Qurna and surrendered Basra province
1915
Jan 2 Suleiman Bey took over Iraq command for Ottomans Called on Arab Sheikhs to
join war against British and planned on retaking Basra
Apr 11 Ottomans launched operation to try to retake Basra from British forces
Apr 12 Battle of Shaiba began in Basra province
Apr 13 British won Battle of Shaiba by counterattacking and routing Ottoman forces
Apr 14 Ottoman campaign to try to retake Basra from British failed
Apr 22 Lord Curzon asked why British should promise Basra and Baghdad vilyats to
Arabs if they were fighting on Ottoman side
May 13 British forces moved north to try to encircle Ottoman forces in Qurna
May 31 British forces set out to capture Amarah from Ottomans
Jun 3 British forces captured Amarah after convincing Ottoman garrison to surrender
Jun 27 British forces began campaign to capture Nasiriya from Ottomans
Jun 30 UK committee wrote paper advocating for break up of Ottoman Empire and creation
of Iraq to control its oil and agriculture Cabinet didn’t agree with ideas
Jul 24 British forces captured Nasiriya
Sep 12 British forces launched campaign to capture Baghdad starting in Wasit
Sep 27 Battle of Es Sinn began
Sep 28 British defeated Ottomans at Battle of Es Sinn driving them back to Kut, Wasit
Sep 29 British forces took Kut
Oct 5 6th Army created by Ottomans under command of German Gen von der Goltz to
defend Mesopotamia from British
Nov 22 Start of Battle of Ctesiphon
Nov 23 French diplomat Picot visited London told officials Mosul Baghdad Basra
vilyats should be given to Arabs after WWI to placate them
Nov 24 Battle of Ctesiphon ended with both British and Ottomans retreating Ottomans
Suffered 6,100 casualties British 4,600 casualties
Dec 3 British expeditionary force driven back to Kut, Wasit after losing Battle of
Ctesiphon to Ottomans
Dec 7 Battle of Kut began with Ottoman forces arriving at city after they lost Battle of
Ctesiphon
1916
Jan 6 Start of Battle of Sheikh Saad as British forces moved up the Tigris River and
ran into Ottoman defenses
Jan 7 British made second assault on Ottomans during Battle of Sheikh Saad taking
part of Ottoman defenses
Jan 9 Battle of Sheikh Saad ended with British defeating the Ottomans
Jan 13 Ottomans retreated 10 miles up Tigris River after defeat at Battle of Sheikh Saad
and were beaten again by British at Battle of Wadi
Jan 21 Ottomans retreated up Tigris after defeat at Battle of Wadi only to lose again to
British at Battle of Hanna
Mar 7 British forces attacked Ottomans at the Dujaila Redoubt
Mar 8 British tried and failed to take the Dujaila Redoubt from Ottomans losing
4,000 men
Apr 5 British forces attacked Fallahiya to try to relive surrounded British troops in Kut
Apr 7 Start of Battle of Bait Alsa and Sannaiyat
Apr 8 British forces defeat Ottomans at Fallahiya
Apr 17 British took Beit Asia from Ottomans and pushed Turks out of Edheim River in
Diyala
Apr 19 German commander of the Ottoman forces in Mesopotamia Gen Goltz died of
typhoid
Apr 22 British attacked Sannaiyat but Ottomans turned them back British suffered
1,200 casualties
Apr 24 British attempt to re-supply besieged garrison at Kut failed
Apr 26 British arranged a ceasefire with Ottomans in Kut after 146 day siege British lost
33,000 casualties
Apr 29 Ottomans defeated the British at Battle of Kut after 4 months captured 13,000
prisoners
May 16 France and England agreed on Sykes-Picot Agreement creating two spheres of
influence over Middle East Basra and Baghdad was in British zone Basra French to act as buffer with Russia
Jun 10 Hussein Ibn Ali sheriff of Mecca declared Arab revolt against Ottomans
backed by British Many Iraqi Ottoman officers joined
Sep 18 British leaders told troops to continue advance in Mesopotamia vs Ottomans
after huge loss at Kut
Dec 13 New British offensive launched up Tigris River to retake Kut from Ottomans
Dec 22 British forces began digging lines towards Ottomans defenses at Khadairi Bend
1917
Jan 7 British made divisionary attack along Tigris River to draw Ottoman forces away
From Khadairi Bend fort
Jan 9 Battle of Mohammed Abdul Hassan
Jan 9 British began assault upon Khadairi Bend fort
Jan 11 Battle of Hai salient started
Jan 25 British attack Ottoman positions along Hai River
Jan 29 British captured Ottoman fort at Khadairi Bend in campaign to recapture Kut
Feb 4 British defeated Ottoman forces at Hai River
Feb 16 British defeated Ottoman forces at Dahra Bend
Feb 17 British crossed Shumran bend outflanking Ottoman forces in campaign to
recapture Kut
Feb 24 British retake Kut from Ottomans in 2nd Battle of Kut
Feb 26 3 British gunboats fired upon by 4 Ottoman ships at Nahr-al-Kalek, Wasit 3
Turkish ships sunk and 4th captured
Mar 5 British forces started march on Baghdad from Kut
Mar 9 1st British assault on Baghdad turned back by Ottomans
Mar 10 British forces defeated Ottoman defenses outside Baghdad in Diyala River Led
Ottomans to abandon Baghdad
Mar 11 British army took Baghdad
Mar 13 British started Samarra offensive against Ottomans after taking Baghdad
Mar 16 British War Cabinet created Mesopotamia administration committee to decide
on form of govt in captured areas
Mar 17 British forces captured Baquba from Ottomans
Mar 19 British forces captured Fallujah from Ottomans
Mar 19 British commander in Mesopotamia Gen Maude sent message to Iraqis saying
British had not come as conquerors but liberators Maude said British would not impose their institutions on locals and called on Arabs to help rule
Mar 25 British forces defeated by Ottomans at Battle of Mount Hamrin, Diyala
Apr 11 British defeated Ottomans at Battle of Shiala
Apr 21 Battle of Istabulat in Diyala started with Ottomans being defeated
Apr 23 British Samarra Offensive ended in victory over Ottomans British suffered
18,000 casualties
Apr 30 Battle of the Boot at Band-i-Adhaim
May 19 Gen Sir Stanley Maude commander of British forces in Iraq said they
had come as liberators not conquerors
May 27 UK Col Clayton in Egypt worried Sykes-Picot would create opposition by
Sharif of Mecca against UK taking Baghdad
Jul 11 1st Battle of Ramadi started Ottomans forced British to retreat
Sep 28 2nd Battle of Ramadi started
Sep 29 2nd Battle of Ramadi ended with Ottomans losing city
Nov 5 Battle of Tikrit started
1918
Jan 5 Lloyd George said Ottoman provinces including Mesopotamia should have
“separate national conditions”
Mar 9 British took Hit, Anbar without a fight from Ottomans
Mar 26 Battle of Khan al-Baghdadi began
Mar 27 British defeated Ottomans in Battle of Khan al-Baghdadi
May 21 UK PM George abrogated Long-Berenger UK-French oil deal due to
disagreement with France over Iraq-Syrian border George wanted Iraq to extend to Mediterranean
Aug 11 British Foreign Secretary Balfour said British war in Mesopotamia should be
justified by securing water that would also give it control of oil
Aug 11 Balfour’s statement about Mesopotamia’s oil prompted Premier Lloyd George to
call for British to seize Ottoman’s Mosul province
Apr 18 France and England signed Long-Berenger oil deal France got 20% of Iraqi oil via
Turkish Petroleum Company France agreed to help build oil pipeline from Iraq to Mediterranean
Oct 2 British War Office told commander in Mesopotamia to seize as many oil
producing areas as possible
Oct 23 Battle of Shirqat started as British forces moved north from Baghdad to seize
Mosul province and its oil before war ended
Oct 30 British forces took Shirqat from Ottomans
Oct 30 Armistice of Mudros signed between British and Ottomans 6th Army in
Mesopotamia surrendered to British Ended WWI in Iraq Weren’t able to seize Mosul province and its oil before end of war
Oct 30 British officials in Baghdad told London to create central council of chiefs of
southern Kurdistan
Nov 2 British invaded Ottoman’s Mosul vilayet after WWI armistice
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
Nov 3 British troops took Mosul city from Ottomans after WW1 armistice
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
Nov 16 UK commissioner for Iraq Arnold Wilson wrote that Iraqis were happy with
British occupation
Dec 1 UK PM George asked French PM Clemenceau to renegotiate Sykes-Picot giving
Mosul to British Got French to agree to give it Mosul province In return France got stake in Iraqi oil and Syria
1920
Jan 23 British cabinet decided Iraqi oil would be developed by a public company Foreign
Secretary Lord Curzon overturned decision Decided Turkish Petroleum Company would keep its oil rights signed with Ottomans
Jan 28 Turkish National Pact said Turkey gave up rights to all Ottoman provinces with
Arab majorities including Basra and Baghdad Did not include Mosul province which Turkey claimed had a Turkish majority Kurds were called Turks
Jan 28 British also claimed Mosul province which it occupied after armistice with
Ottomans in 1918
Feb 7 War Minister Churchill wrote there were far too many British troops in
Mesopotamia that could be sustained
Mar 8 Hundreds of ex-Ottoman soldiers including many Iraqis petitioned Prince Faisal
about how Arab revolt didn’t work out during WWI
Apr 19 Start of San Remo meeting with Britain France Italy and Japan Decided on split
up of Ottoman Empire and creation of Iraq
Apr 23 Ataturk gave speech demanding Turkey’s southern territories include Mosul and
Sulaymaniya
Apr 24 UK and France gave France 25% of Turkish Petroleum Company in return for
agreeing to British mandate in Iraq
BRITISH MANDATE IN IRAQ ERA
Apr 25 San Remo Agreement created British Mandate in Iraq France agreed to give up
Mosul vilyat in return for oil concessions in Iraq
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