Musings On Iraq review Arab War Lords and Iraqi Star Gazers, Second Edition, Gertrude Bell’s Arab of Mesopotamia
Musings On Iraq review Christianity in Iraq
Musings On Iraq review Dictatorship, Imperialism & Chaos, Iraq since 1989
Musings On Iraq review Industrialization Of Iraq, Harvard Middle Eastern Monographs, No. 5
Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between Occupations, Perspectives from 1920 to the Present
Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between the Two World Wars, The Militarist Origins of Tyranny
Musings On Iraq review Iraq in Turmoil, Historical Perspectives of Dr. Ali al-Wardi, From the Ottoman Empire to King Feisal
Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest
Musings On Iraq review The Kurds, A Modern History
Musings On Iraq review The Making of Iraq 1900-1963, Capital, Power and Ideology
Musings On Iraq review The Modern History of Iraq
Musings on Iraq review Mosul Before Iraq, Like Bees Making Five-Sided Cells
Musings On Iraq review A Short History of Iraq
Musings On Iraq review Understanding Iraq, the Whole Sweep of Iraqi History, from Genghis Khan’s Mongols to the Ottoman Turks to the British Mandate to the American Occupation
1526
Safavid governor of Baghdad revolted and declared allegiance to Ottomans
1529
Portuguese took Basra as base to protect its sea routes from Europe to Asia
Safavids retook Baghdad from Ottomans
1532
Sultan Suleiman I launched first of three campaigns in Mesopotamia against the Safavids
1534
Nov 18 Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I conquered Baghdad Renovated the city
Dec 4 Ottoman Sultan Suleiman entered Baghdad and visited Sunni and Shiite shrines trying to
win over city
1546
Ottomans captured Basra
1555
Treaty of Amasia between Ottomans and Safavids gave Mesopotamia and Shatt al-Arab to
Ottomans
1605
Janissaries took over Baghdad
1619
Janissary officer Bakr Subashi took control of Baghdad
1623
Nov 28 Safavids took Baghdad after son of governor betrayed him Tortured and killed Sunnis and
destroyed Sunni mosques and shrines
1624
Ottoman Sultan Murad IV laid siege to Baghdad and failed
1625
Safavids failed to seize Basra
Ottoman governor of Basra sold his position to Afrasiyab family that would hold office for
several generations
Ottoman Sultan Murad IV laid siege to Baghdad Gave up in 1626
1629
Safavids failed to seize Basra for a second time
Ottoman Sultan Murad IV laid siege to Baghdad 2nd time and failed
1637
Ottoman Sultan Murad IV laid siege to Baghdad 3rd time and failed
1638
Nov 25 Ottomans laid siege to Baghdad for 3rd time
Dec 22 Ottoman Sultan Murad IV began last siege of Baghdad
Dec 24 Ottoman Sultan Murad IV conquered Baghdad Looting led to resistance by defeated
Persian soldiers and then massacre Up to 50,000 killed
1639
Mar 17 Treaty of Zuhab ended Ottoman-Safavid War and gave Ottomans most of
Mesopotamia
(Musings On Iraq review An Analysis of Hanna Batatu’s The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq)
1640
Shammar Confederation moved from middle Arabia into Levant waging 20 year war with
Mawali Confederacy Mawali fled southern Iraq and moved north towards Syria
1649
Floods destroyed parts of Baghdad
1653
Ottomans sent troops to Basra to overthrow Governor Afrasiyab who was moving towards
independence
1655
Janissary riots led Baghdad governor to flee
1668
Baghdad sent troops to overthrow governor Ended Afrasiyab family controlling office
1690
Plague hit Baghdad wiping out most of the population
1693
Floods destroyed parts of Baghdad
1694
Mutafiq tribe took control of Basra
1723
Ottoman governor Hassan Pasha organized Janissaries and Iraqi tribes in campaign against
declining Safavid empire Captured Karmanshah
1723
Hassan Pasha died on campaign against Safavids Led to tribal revolts in Iraq that had to be
put down by Ottoman forces
East India Company set up permanent trading house in Basra
1727
Declared Year of the Elephant in Baghdad after Afghans gave elephant as gift to Ottoman
governor Ahmed Pasha in truce deal
Name Iraq first began being used by Ottomans to refer to area of Baghdad and Basra
provinces
1732
Safavids invaded Baghdad province
1733
January General Nadir Qali of Safavid empire demanded access to Shiite shrines and return
of Persian prisoners Ended up attacking Baghdad Siege failed
Jul 19 Safavid siege of Baghdad ended by Ottoman relief force
1735
Safavids invaded Baghdad province
1738
Muntafiq Confederacy led Sadoun Revolt declaring sultanate in Najaf and Kufa
1741
Ottoman Governor Ahmed Pasha put down Muntafiq Confederacy’s Sadoun Revolt in Najaf
and Kufa
1743
Safavids invaded Basra province
1747
Mamluks began rule in Baghdad for Ottomans
1763
British East India Company made Basra its headquarters in Persian Gulf
1764
British set up consulate in Basra as part of overland postal system linking Europe with India
1767
British East India Company signed treaty with Ottomans to allow it naval protection of
Basra’s trade
1773
Plague hit Basra city wiping out 1/3 of population
1776
Safavids took Basra city after 1 year siege
1798
British set up consulate in Baghdad as part of overland postal system linking Europe with
India
British secretary of war worried that Napoleon would land an army in Syria, march to
Baghdad and then down to the Persian Gulf and then onto India
1802
Apr 21 Wahabi army from Arabia sacked Karbala 2,000-5,000 killed
1823
Jul 28 Ottomans and Safavids signed peace treaty that set border between two empires after
Persian invasion of Iraq failed
1830
Oct 19 Daud Pasha’s Mamluks assassinated governor sent to replace him in Baghdad Sultan
Mahmoud declared Daud a rebel and appointed another governor
1831
Ottomans restored direct rule over Baghdad from Mamluks after plague hit city
1832
Jihad declared against Ottoman Governor of Baghdad Ali Rida Pasha after woman was
violated and populace tired of rampant crime
Shammar tribe threatened Baghdad in tribal revolt
1834
British introduced 1st steamboats along Euphrates and Tigris Rivers Was used as part of
postal system connecting Europe with India
1842
Ottoman Governor Neguib Pasha laid siege to Karbala what was criminal center Conducted
massacre of residents afterward
1843
Anglo-Russian commission mapped border between Ottomans and Persia from Mount
Ararat to Persian Gulf
Baghdad governor sent forces to take control of Najaf and Karbala from gangs aligned
with merchants and clerics
1847
May 21 Treaty of Arzurum to set border between Ottoman Empire and Persia gave
Sulaymaniya and Shatt al-Arab to Ottomans Set up commission to demarcate rest of border between two but never finished Treaty became disputed after Iraq independence in 1932
1854
May 2 Riot in Mosul versus Ottoman reforms Attacked Christians and Jews for
businesses they ran and control of taxes that caused resentment
(Musings On Iraq review Christianity in Iraq)
1861
Telegraph established between Baghdad and Istanbul
1862
Steamship route from Basra to Bombay established by British
1869
Midhat Pasha became governor of Baghdad Major Ottoman reformer
1877
Iraq held elections for chamber of designees in Istanbul
1879
Sadoun revolt started Mansur Sadoun declared independent emirate from Basra to
Baghdad
1881
Sadoun revolt put down by Ottoman army
1889
Oct 29 Muslim guard demanded large bribe from Jewish gravediggers to bury Rabbi Somech in
Baghdad Jewish mourners stormed into cemetery Were then attacked by Muslim mob Jews complained to Istanbul and London Baghdad governor arrested 70 Jews including 10 rabbis in retaliation
1899
Ottmans gave German company contract to build railroad from Istanbul to Basra
1905
Oct 15 British Amb to Turkey O’Connor sent memo written by Sir Sykes to Foreign Office
detailing oil deposits in Mosul vilayet
1906
Oct 15 Protests in Mosul ended against Ottoman census that included counting women
1909
Jan 5 Riot in Mosul after Kirkuk soldier insulted a woman Organized by elites opposed to
Ottoman reforms 60 killed
Jan 6 Riots in Mosul killed Sheikh Said Sufi leader in Sulaymaniya Led his followers to
revolt cutting off trade in northern Mosul province
Oct 17 Mosul representatives to new Ottoman Assembly left for Istanbul Was part of Young
Turks’ reforms
1910
Mar 13 Ottoman army defeated Montafiq tribal confederation in present day Maysan province
for rejecting taxes
1911
Ottomans and Persians questioned 1847 Treaty of Arzurum British and Russians pressured
two sides to mediate border disputes
1912
Jul 27 Work began building railway through Mesopotamia financed by Germany
1913
Jan 17 US consul in Baghdad wrote it British took Mesopotamia there would be little
resistance because public so apathetic
Mar 17 US consulate in Baghdad reported secret Arab committee formed in Egypt that
advocated for Baghdad Basra Mosul vilayets to be independent from Ottomans
Mar 17 US consulate report Basra petitioned Ottomans for all taxes to remain in province
May 3 US consulate in Baghdad reported Ottomans ordered documents to be published in
Arabic and Turkish in Baghdad vilayet as concession to Arab demands
Jun 20 Turkish military commander in Basra and another official killed by local leader Sayid
Talib who was pushing for Basra autonomy
Sep 25 US consul in Baghdad reported Basra Reform Society issued constitution Sep 2013
Demanded autonomy no foreign concessions recognition of Arabic language
Oct 28 Secret Ahd Association of Ottoman officers formed Included many Iraqis that
would become leaders and prime ministers under monarchy such as Nuri al-Said Yasin Hashemi Jamil Midfai and others Called for Arab autonomy
Nov 4 Constantinople Protocol set new border between Ottomans and Persia Ottomans kept
Shatt al-Arab waterway
1914
Mar 3 US consulate reported Ottomans reconciled with Sayid Talib who’d pushed for
autonomy in Basra vilayet
Mar 12 UK sent ultimatum to Ottomans If Ottomans wanted to increase tariffs had to allow
merger of Turkish Petroleum Company that was going to get oil concession in Mosul vilayet with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company 1st sign UK wanted to control Mesopotamian oil
Mar 18 US consulate in Baghdad reported Ottomans had reconciled with Sayid Talib and
Sheikh Ajaimi of Montafiq Confederation They had de facto control of Basra vilayet
Mar 19 Ottomans agreed to merger of Turkish Petroleum Company that was to get oil
concession in Mosul vilayet with Anglo-Persian Oil Company
Apr 16 US consul in Baghdad reported rumors spread that all Christians and Jews in city
would be massacred due to start of 2nd Balkans War Rumors started after newspaper asked Mufti and Shiite clergy what was duty of Muslims in war They said to protect Islam and raise money Said Christians were defiling Muslim women in Balkans
Jun 19 Germany and England asked Ottomans for oil concessions in Mosul and
Baghdad provinces
Jun 28 Ottomans agreed to oil concessions for British and Germans in Mosul and
Baghdad provinces Never happened because of WWI
Jul 15 US consulate in Baghdad reported Sayid Talib and Ottoman forces attacked Sheikh
Ajaimi of Montafiq Confederation in Zubayr Basra vilayet Talib won battle and took town Gave Talib de facto control of all of Basra Led to dismissal of Ottoman governor of vilayet
Aug 2 Ottomans signed alliance with Germany that would bring Mesopotamia into WW1
Aug 4 US consulate report Ottomans ordered mobilization and draft in Baghdad
Aug 9 US consulate report Martial law declared in Baghdad Vilayet would provide 15,000
recruits for war Ottomans called on all Muslims to serve
Aug 25 British admiralty ordered 2 ships to be sent to Shatt al-Arab to block Ottoman
supplies and ground forces and to protect oil interests in Persia
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest)
Sep 9 India Viceroy requested 3rd ship to be sent to Shatt al-Arab and to seize Basra vilayet
before start of WWI
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest)
Sep 26 Gen Barrow at India Office said UK had to stop Turkish-Arab alliance and
declaration of jihad which could spread to Afghanistan and threaten India UK should make show of force in Shatt al-Arab to deter Arabs from backing Ottomans and if war started should seize Basra vilayet
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest)
Sep 29 Royal Naval dispatched ships to patrol Shatt al-Arab to protect Persian oil concessions
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest)
Oct 2 London told India to prepare to send ships and men to Shatt al-Arab and land troops in
Persia to protect oil interests
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest)
Oct 10 Gen Delamain cmdr UK 6th Div in India told to sail to Persia Said Turks had small
inferior force in Basra Sir Percy Cox appointed his political officer
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest)
Oct 16 UK convoy with 16th Indian Bgd on way to Egypt told it was being sent to Persian
Gulf to secure Persian oil fields and occupy Basra
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest)
Oct 17 US consulate report Sheikhs met with Ottomans in Baghdad Didn’t want war but
would defend their land Wanted guns ammo promises of rewards for their service
Oct 21 Ottoman Basra Governor demanded UK withdraw warship from Shatt al-Arab docked
in Persia to protect oil concession Ottomans began shooting at ship UK agreed
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest)
Oct 28 Gen Delamain cmdr UK 6th Div in India made plans to seize Fao in Basra
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest)
Oct 31 India ordered 6th Div to seize Fao and clear Turks out of Shatt al-Arab before WWI
started
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest)
Nov 3 UK troops arrived at mouth of Shatt al-Arab while warship bombarded Ottoman fort
on Faw Peninsula before Ottomans joined WWI
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq In World War I, From Ottoman Rule to British Conquest)
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