Musings On Iraq review Britain’s Informal Empire In The Middle East, A Case Study of Iraq 1929-1941
Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies
Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq
Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921
Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia
Musings On Iraq review Dictatorship, Imperialism & Chaos, Iraq since 1989
Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell And Iraq
Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East
Musings On Iraq review The Great Betrayal, How America Abandoned The Kurds And Lost The Middle East
Musings On Iraq review A History of Iraq
Musings On Iraq review Imagining The Nation, Nationalism, Sectarianism and Socio-Political Conflict in Iraq
Musings On Iraq review Industrialization Of Iraq, Harvard Middle Eastern Monographs, No. 5
Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied
Musings On Iraq review Iraq & the Kurdish Question, 1958-70
Musings On Iraq review Iraq and Gertrude Bell’s The Arab of Mesopotamia
Musings On Iraq review Iraq and Imperialism, Thomas Lyell’s The Ins and Outs of Mesopotamia
Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between Occupations, Perspectives from 1920 to the Present
Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between the Two World Wars, The Militarist Origins of Tyranny
Musings On Iraq review Iraq in Turmoil, Historical Perspectives of Dr. Ali al-Wardi, From the Ottoman Empire to King Faisal
Musings On Iraq review Iraq Since 1958, From Revolution To Dictatorship
Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Burdens, Oil, Sanctions and Underdevelopment
Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Democratic Moment
Musings On Iraq review The Kurdish Revolt 1961-1970
Musings On Iraq review The Kurds, A Modern History
Musings On Iraq review Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope
Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad
Musings On Iraq review The Making of Iraq 1900-1963, Capital, Power and Ideology
Musings On Iraq review The Modern History of Iraq
Musings On Iraq review My Memoirs, Half a Century of the History of Iraq and the Arab Cause
Musings On Iraq review People Without A Country, The Kurds and Kurdistan
Musings On Iraq review Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State
Musings On Iraq review Red Star Over Iraq, Iraqi Communism Before Saddam
Musings On Iraq review The Role of the Military In Politics, A case study of Iraq to 1941
Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq
Musings On Iraq review A Short History of Iraq
Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq
Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930
Musings On Iraq review The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq
Musings On Iraq review Turkey, the US and Iraq
Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq
Musings On Iraq review Understanding Iraq, the Whole Sweep of Iraqi History, from Genghis Khan’s Mongols to the Ottoman Turks to the British Mandate to the American Occupation
Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921
Musings On Iraq review Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970
1918
Oct 30 UK Civil commissioner in Baghdad suggested setting up council of chiefs organized by
England
(Musings On Iraq review Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope)
Nov 7 Anglo-French declaration said goal of WWI was to emancipate people living under
Ottoman rule Said would allow national govts and free choice in Mesopotamia under Entente Alliance supervision
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
Nov 8 UK Foreign Min official Sykes wrote proclamation that goal of war was to free all
people under Ottoman Empire and give them self govt included in Mesopotamia
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
Nov 16 UK political officer in Mesopotamia Wilson wrote average Iraqi saw the future of area with
British and agreed with occupation
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
Nov 17 UK political officer Wilson wrote that he believed Mesopotamia should become a British
protectorate
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Nov 30 UK India office authorized head political officer Wilson to hold plebiscite on future of
Mesopotamia Wilson made questions so would only support British rule and only administered to areas where people would respond positively
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Dec 1 UK PM George asked Fr PM Clemenceau to renegotiate Sykes-Picot giving Mosul to British
UK got France to agree In return France got stake in Iraqi oil and Syria
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Dec 1 Sheikh Barzinji began governorship of Sulaymaniya Presented declaration for Kurdish rights
to UK political officer Wilson
(Musings On Iraq Explaining Kurdish Nationalism Interview With Teen Tech Univ Prof Michael Gunter)
(Musings On Iraq Kurds And The Birth Of Iraq)
Dec 17 UK cabinet member Amery said Mesopotamia should be under British administration after
war
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Dec 24 Meeting of UK Eastern Comm Foreign Office official brought up Anglo-French Declaration
that said there would be national govts in Ottoman Empire Meant Iraq couldn’t be under UK rule Questioned claims by UK political officer Wilson that Iraqis wanted UK rule Said couldn’t ignore influence of Faisal in Iraq and that Wilson should create Iraqi govt not a protectorate
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Dec 27 Gertrude Bell wrote father that Mesopotamia wanted UK rule because it knew its customs
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
1919
Jan 19 2nd highest cleric in Iraq Karbala’s Shirazi signed letter written by clergy and sayids asking
for Sharif of Mecca to rule Iraq
Feb 6 Gertrude Bell met with Naqib of Baghdad who said he wanted British rule in Iraq under Sir
Percy Cox Warned that Shiites should not be trusted Said didn’t want any of the Sharifan family to rule because were not from Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Mar 1 Ayatollah Shirazai issued fatwa against serving under the British
Mar 19 Political Officer Cpt Marshall killed in Najaf British besieged city in retaliation
Apr 6 Iraq political officer Wilson sent Eastern Comm outline of constitution for Iraq Included rule
by UK high commissioner 5 provinces run by UK officials with Arab advisors Arab councils would be appointed Arabs could be hired into parts of bureaucracy
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Apr 8 UK and France began negotiations to give France oil concession in Iraq for UK getting
Mosul province
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Apr 18 France and England signed Long-Berenger oil deal France got 20% of Iraqi oil via
Turkish Petroleum Company France agreed to help build oil pipeline from Iraq to Mediterranean
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
May 1 War Min Churchill wrote PM George that British army was overstretched
with new additions like Mesopotamia
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
May 9 UK approved Iraq political officer Wilson’s plan for mandate in Iraq run by a high
commissioner Foreign Office told Wilson to treat Mosul as an Arab province of Iraq Meant Mosul would be included in Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
May 21 UK PM George abrogated Long-Berenger UK-French oil deal due to
disagreement with France over Iraq-Syrian border George wanted Iraq to extend to Mediterranean
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
May 22 Sheikh Mohmoud Barzinji started rebellion against British in Sulaymaniya
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurds, A Modern History)
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurdish Revolt 1961-1970)
(Musings On Iraq Explaining Kurdish Nationalism Interview With Teen Tech Univ Prof Michael Gunter)
Jun 2 UK political officer in Iraq Wilson met with nationalist Haras al-Iraqi Claimed he followed
Anglo-French Declaration and League of Nations mandate to create national govt in Iraq Made excuses for why govt hadn’t been created Promised cabinet with Arab president and constitution Made nationalists feel UK wanted to rule Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Jun 6 Iraq High Commissioner Wilson told to take over Kurdish affairs Meant Kurds in Mosul to be
included in Iraq
Jun 17 British force defeated Sheikh Barzinji near Chamchamal
(Musings On Iraq Explaining Kurdish Nationalism Interview With Teen Tech Univ Prof Michael Gunter)
Jul 4 3 British officers killed in Zakho by Kurds leading to retaliatory raids by British army
Jul 16 UK India Office official Sir Hirtzel told chief political officer in Iraq Wilson there was
going to be an Arab state in Iraq or there would be a revolt
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
Aug 9 UK signed agreement with Persia to respect its sovereignty Meant united Kurdistan was ruled
out
Aug 12 Churchill wrote Lloyd George saying were too many troops in Mesopotamia that
could crush its finances
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Aug 13 War Min Churchill told PM George that keeping large British forces in Mesopotamia was a financial drain
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Aug 30 War Min Churchill wrote that half the British forces in Mesopotamia should
be sent home
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Sep 1 Jews sent letter to two Iraqi papers declaring their support for Arabs against the Balfour
Declaration where UK said it supported creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine
Sep 25 Churchill wrote Gen MacMunn commander in Mesopotamia that his plan to reduce
troop by 120,000 by spring of 1920 need to be vastly sped up and keeping that many troops would crush the finances of Mesopotamia
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Sep 27 TE Lawrence wrote Foreign Sec Lord Curzon that Sir Percy Cox should be high
commissioner of Iraq to relieve tension there
Nov 8 Anglo-French Declaration said they were not imperialists but would sponsor self-govt in
Middle East UK Political officer in Iraq Sir Wilson said if declaration followed through with Iraqis least ready to run country would be given power
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Nov 15 Gertrude Bell wrote report Changed from believing Iraq should be run as colony because
Arabs incapable of self-rule to arguing for Arab govt Said British should give Arabs concessions which would ensure longer influence
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Nov 15 Chief political officer in Iraq Wilson forwarded Gertrude Bell’s ideas that Iraq could start
move towards independence if al-Ahd group given power
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
1920
Jan 4 Cpt Mann UK political officer in Shamiya said that Iraqis were angry that
British had not kept WWI promises of independence
Jan 23 British cabinet decided Iraqi oil would be developed by a public company Foreign
Secretary Lord Curzon overturned decision Decided Turkish Petroleum Company would keep its oil rights signed with Ottomans
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review The Modern History of Iraq)
Jan 28 Turkish National Pact said Turkey gave up rights to all Ottoman provinces with
Arab majorities including Basra and Baghdad Did not include Mosul province which Turkey claimed had a Turkish majority Kurds were called Turks
(Musings On Iraq review Turkey, the US and Iraq)
Jan 28 British also claimed Mosul province which it occupied after armistice with Ottomans in
1918
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Feb 2 General Haldane made commander in Iraq Told to draw down troops to save money for
London
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Feb 2 UK India Office official Sir Hirtzel wrote head political officer in Iraq Wilson that an Arab
administration under British control should be established in Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Feb 7 War Min Churchill wrote there were far too many British troops in Iraq than could be
sustained and therefore a new Iraq policy should be created
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Mar 7 Syrian Congress declared independence of Syria that included union with Iraq under King
Faisal
Mar 8 Syrian congress declared Faisal the King of Syria and his brother Abdullah the King of Iraq
Called for Iraqi independence
May 8 Hundreds of ex-Ottoman soldiers including many Iraqis petitioned King Faisal of Syria
about how Arab revolt didn’t work out during WWI Went to Iraq to fight British
Mar 21 Iraq political officer Wilson wrote India Secretary Montague Said no connection
between Iraq and Syria and would reject rule by Faisal who’d been declared king of both before overthrown by France Said Iraq should have its own govt
Mar 23 PM Lloyd George cabinet said wouldn’t object to Hashemite rule in Iraq if supported by
locals
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Mar 25 PM Lloyd George argued in parliament that Basra Baghdad Mosul should be part of British
Mandate Said withdrawing from Mosul would forfeit oil there
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Mar 25 Political officer in Iraq Wilson wrote India Secretary Montagu that if UK imposed
Hashemite rule in Iraq would be a disaster
Apr 19 Start of San Remo meeting with Britain France Italy and Japan Decided on split
up of Ottoman Empire and creation of Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
Apr 21 News of British setbacks along Syrian-Iraq frontier arrived in Tal Afar leading to anti-
British activity
Apr 22 Meeting of Baghdad and mid-Euphrates branches of nationalist group Haras al-Istiqlal Told
Grand Ayatollah Shirazi of Karbala said he rejected UK rule Mid-Euphrates branches were willing to take up arms against the UK
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Apr 23 Ataturk gave speech demanding Turkey’s southern territories include Mosul and
Sulaymaniya
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Turkey, the US and Iraq)
Apr 24 UK gave France 25% of Turkish Petroleum Company in return for agreeing to British
mandate in Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
Apr 25 San Remo Agreement created British Mandate in Iraq France agreed to give up
Mosul vilayet in return for oil concessions in Iraq
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Dictatorship, Imperialism & Chaos, Iraq since 1989)
(Musings On Iraq review An Analysis of Hanna Batatu’s The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq Since 1958, From Revolution To Dictatorship)
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Democratic Moment)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
May 4 Nationalist group Haras al-Istiqlal leader Timam went to Karbala and met with Grand
Ayatollah Shirazi clergy and sheikhs Shirazi said worried couldn’t military beat British Wanted peaceful protests
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
May 5 British mandate announced in Baghdad
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Dictatorship, Imperialism & Chaos, Iraq since 1989)
(Musings On Iraq review An Analysis of Hanna Batatu’s The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq Since 1958, From Revolution To Dictatorship)
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Democratic Moment)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
May 10 Nationalist Haras al-Istiqlal decided to increase campaign for independence in Baghdad
Agreed on joint Sunni-Shiite events during annual religious ceremonies
May 12 US protested to England about San Remo agreement’s division of Iraqi oil
between France and England saying London promised open door policy in region
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
May 17 Huge joint Sunni-Shiite demonstration in Baghdad during Ramadan against
British rule
(Musings On Iraq review A Short History of Iraq)
May 19 1st joint Sunni-Shiite independence event in Baghdad held at Sunni mosque organized by
nationalist Haras al-Istiqlal
May 26 Nationalist Haras al-Istiqlal held Sunni-Shiite protest against British in Baghdad
May 26 UK intel in Mosul got report 1,000 Arabs under fmr Ottoman officer and nationalist al-Ahd
member Jamil al-Midfai was west of Tal Afar waiting to attack
May 29 UK judicial secretary Carter wrote Sir Wilson head political officer warning Sunni-Shiite
unity would threaten British rule in Iraq
May 29 Grand Ayatollah Shirazi issued statement that Baghdad Khadimiya Najaf Karbala and other
areas agreed on protests for Iraqi independence
May 30 Head political officer in Iraq Wilson got report that revolt in Mosul being planned
Jun 2 Ex-Ottoman officer and nationalist al-Ahd member met with notables in Tal Afar telling them
tribesmen would arrive soon and that people should arm themselves to attack UK garrison
Jun 2 Sir Wilson head political officer met with Iraqi nationalists Went over documents outlining a
British Mandate in Iraq Said Arab govt would have to wait Said any agitation would be met by force Nationalists demanded Arab convention to lay out independent govt demanded freedom of the press and communication Wilson denied requests
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Jun 3 UK PM Lloyd George told parliament British mandate in Iraq had been created
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Jun 3 Hassan Sukhail pro-British notable in Baghdad told Gertrude Bell that no one would accept
British Mandate in Iraq after nationalists met with head political officer Wilson Jun 2 and demanded independence Warned if UK didn’t act there would be a revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Jun 4 Ex-Ottoman officer and nationalist al-Ahd member Jamil al-Midfai’s men attacked and took
Tal Afar Claimed Abdullah of the Hijaz was coming from Syria to become king of Iraq Called for revolt against British
Jun 5 UK military force from Mosul sent to re-take Tal Afar Turned back by ex-Ottoman officer
and nationalist al-Ahd member Jamil al-Midfai’s forces When town retaken all residents expelled and houses destroyed
Jun 6 Sir Percy Cox was reassigned to run Iraq from his posting in Persia
Jun 7 Ex-Ottoman officer and nationalist al-Ahd member Jamil al-Midfai’s forces reached Mosul
hoping to start revolt against British
Jun 7 Head UK political officer in Iraq Sir Wilson met with Iraqi nationalists in Baghdad Also
invited local notables Wilson apologized for delay in creating Iraqi govt Warned nationalists not to riot Nationalists demanded immediate creation of govt Wilson said terms of British mandate had to be determined first
Jun 7 Head UK political officer in Iraq Sir Wilson wrote India Office and High Commissioner in
Egypt that Iraqi nationalists were condemned by the public Was false
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jun 7 Gertrude Bell wrote her father that head political officer Sir Wilson’s meeting with
nationalists had deflated them and they were laughed at by the public Claimed Najaf rejected nationalist movement Both were false
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Jun 8 Ex-Ottoman officer and nationalist al-Ahd member Jamil al-Midfai’s forces attacked Mosul
but turned back
Jun 8 Son of Grand Ayatollah Shirazi met with Sunni notables in Samarra calling for Sunni-Shiite
unity to establish independent Iraq
Jun 9 British forces retook Tal Afar after bombing broke Iraqi rebels British carried out collective
punishment destroying and looting homes Large number of people forced out into desert
Jun 9 Political officer Wilson warned India Secretary Montague that UK army in Iraq was incapable
of defending it or keeping order if troops withdrawn UK set on troop withdrawal to save money
Jun 12 Protest in Karbala mosque calling for revolt vs British
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jun 13 War Min Churchill wrote PM George that British army overextended in
Mesopotamia and asked whether UK should give up Mosul province because of costs
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Jun 13 2nd protest calling for revolt in Karbala held this time in Imam Hussein shrine
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jun 14 UK military governor in Basra reported political agitation from Baghdad trying to raise
support for Iraqi independence in Basra
Jun 15 War Min Churchill wrote UK Cabinet that he was ready to give up Mosul
province to save costs
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Jun 16 UK govt decided to cancel proposed UK run provisional govt in Iraq for an Arab govt under
British influence
Jun 17 Arab govt run by British advisors approved by London Head political officer in Iraq Wilson
told to announce it to Iraqis
Jun 17 London decided to replace Iraq High Commissioner Wilson with Sir Percy Cox He couldn’t
take office until Oct Wilson was for direct colonial rule Cox for giving power to Iraqis under British advise
Jun 17 Calls for revolt vs British posted in Hilla British political officer arrested those calling for
revolt and exiled them
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jun 21 Foreign Min Lord Curzon wrote that head political officer in Iraq Wilson’s ideas were
backwards and him leading Mandate was a problem Wilson rejected self-rule
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Jun 21 British Mandate was going to be established in Iraq announced to public Said it would
eventually lead to an Iraqi govt
Jun 21 3rd protest in Karbala calling for revolt City blockaded by British Had meeting with Grand
Ayatollah Shirazi’s son
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jun 22 Grand Ayatollah Shirazi’s son and 11 others arrested and exiled by British for letter calling
for opposition to infidels meaning British
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jun 25 Tribe in Rumaitha called for revolt against British
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jun 28 Was meeting in Mishkhab Najaf to plan for revolt against British
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jun 30 British arrested sheikh for defaulted loan Led to revolt in Rumaitha His tribe attacked
British and freed him Considered start of the 1920 revolt against Mandate
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review A Short History of Iraq)
Jul 1 British army facing revolt in Rumaitha told no reinforcements coming because railways
destroyed Railway fixed and reinforcements arrived later that day
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 1 Gertrude Bell wrote Cmdr in Iraq Gen Haldane that support for Iraqi independence had fallen
Off She didn’t know 1920 Revolt had started
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Jul 4 British raid into Rumaitha’s bazaar stopped by rebels Then went to neighboring town
and were ambushed on way back and wiped out
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 5 Revolt leaders in Shamiya passed demands to British Wanted full independence
End to fighting Withdrawal of British administrators from Mid-Euphrates Release of leading cleric Shirazi
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 6 British reinforcements sent to Rumaitha from north ran into rebel force and withdrew
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 8 Rebels derailed 6 trains going from Diwaniya to Samawa to disrupt flow of British troops and
supplies
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 9 UK forces withdrew from Najaf turning over city to rebels who set up their own govt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 10 Lead political officer in Iraq Wilson sent telegram to India Office Said threat to Iraq was
external coming from Turkey Syria Bolsheviks
Jul 13 Tribal forces surrounded British garrison at Abu Skhair during 1920 Revolt
Jul 13 UK parliament questioned govt about what was happening in Iraq with 1920 Revolt PM
Lloyd George was questioned about companies taking over Iraq’s oil PM said that wouldn’t happen even though already decided
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 14 Bani Hassan tribe joined 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 14 Rebels attacked British army at Samawa
Jul 15 UK Chief General Staff Wilson heard of 1920 revolt and ordered dispatch
of division from India to put it down
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 17 British worked out ceasefire with Iraqi rebels to end siege of Abu Sukhair
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 17 War Secretary Churchill told govt about 1920 Revolt and that division from India was being
sent to deal with it
Jul 19 British attacked to relieve Rumaitha Forced back
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 20 Pro-Independence delegation of Iraqis met UK High Commissioner Wilson who
invited 20 pro-British Iraqis Meeting went nowhere British later tried to arrest pro-independence delegates
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 20 British finally relieved army garrison at Rumaitha Evacuated them to Diwaniya leaving
rebels in control of town
Jul 20 British garrison at Kufa came under fire from rebels
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
Jul 21 Kufa was surrounded by rebels
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 22 Albu Hassan took Kifil from British 1920 Revolt All of Mid-Euphrates under
tribal control except for Hillah Babil
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 22 TE Lawrence wrote in London Times UK refused to give Iraq autonomy Said Arabs revolted
against Turks because wanted independence Said Faisal governed Syria for 2 yrs hinting that he might be good for Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Jul 24 British regiment driven from Kifl during 1920 Revolt after losing 180 men killed
and 160 captured
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 24 Sir Percy Cox said 1920 Revolt local affair engineered by outsiders opposed to Mandate
Jul 24 France occupied Syria Defeated King Faisal’s forces leading him to flee Would set sites on
Mesopotamia afterward
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Jul 25 Karbala joined 1920 Revolt Tribal fighters beat British at Raranjiya
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Jul 25 British reinforcements to Hilla devastated in route
Jul 26 Gertrude Bell wrote that Baghdad started the 1920 Revolt but not lost control of
it when tribes rose up and they listened to no one Baghdad did not start revolt
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Jul 26 UK Cmdr in Iraq Gen Haldane requested two divisions as reinforcements to deal with 1920
Revolt
Jul 28 US complained 2nd time to England about San Remo agreement that divided
Iraq’s oil between England and France
Jul 28 War Min Churchill told UK Cmdr in Iraq Gen Haldane no reinforcements were to be had
Told Haldane to consult with chief political officer Wilson to formulate policy to deal with 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
Jul 28 Faisal left Syria after French occupation and defeat of his kingdom Would set sites on Iraq as
next place he wanted to rule
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Jul 30 War Minister Churchill approved sending division to Mesopotamia from India
to put down 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 6 UK Cabinet decided to send Sir Percy Cox to Baghdad to help deal with 1920 Revolt
Aug 6 British military reinforcements began arriving in Basra mostly from India to deal with 1920
Revolt
Aug 6 Rebels in Karbala declared jihad against British during 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 8 TE Lawrence wrote piece for Observer newspaper criticizing UK for trying to block self govt
in Iraq Said UK wasting money and solution was to get rid of chief political officer Wilson and set up a more efficient administration
Aug 9 UK For Sec Lord Curzon replied to US complaints about San Remo agreement
saying US would not be shut out of Iraq oil and was just business deal not treaty Curzon was not being truthful
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Aug 9 Railway line to Baghdad cut by tribal fighters in Diyala during 1920 Revolt
Aug 9 TE Lawrence wrote article for Sunday Times Said UK public misled by govt about Iraq Said
public had not been told what was going on Said 1920 Revolt worse then govt said and UK facing possible disaster
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 10 Treaty of Sevres started the break-up of the Ottoman Empire including ceding
Mesopotamia to the British Treaty included call for a Kurdish state and full protection for Assyrians Turkey rejected treaty Also claimed Mosul province citing Madrid armistice when British forces only held small part of vilyat
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Great Betrayal)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review The Great Betrayal, How America Abandoned The Kurds And Lost The Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq review Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope)
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review Turkey, the US and Iraq)
Aug 10 British reinforcements arrived from India to deal with 1920 Revolt
Aug 10 UK Gen Leslie wrote that British military columns were attacking and burning all the
villages along the railway in the south to punish people for 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 11 British force sent to put down 1920 Revolt in Diyala
Aug 11 UK Cmdr in Iraq Gen Haldane ordered four leaders of 1920 Revolt in Baghdad Word got out
and crowd gathered to protect them leading to clashes with police and deaths 1 leader arrested Others escaped to Karbala and Najaf
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 11 TE Lawrence wrote article for British paper advocating for Faisal to be made king of Iraq
Aug 12 UK cmdr in Iraq Sir Haldane criticized High Commissioner Wilson for failing to arrest
notables in Baghdad that supported 1920 Revolt
Aug 12 UK Col Leachman killed by Sheikh Dhari in Fallujah helping to spread 1920 revolt to the
west
Aug 12 British reinforcements sent to Diyala to put down 1920 Revolt attacked by tribesmen
Reached Baquba and then ordered back to Baghdad Baquba then fell to rebels
Aug 12 British banned religious ceremonies in Baghdad that had been used to raise nationalist
sentiment Set up military courts to deal with violators
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 13 6 British officials were killed during 1920 Revolt in Shahraban
Aug 13 Ayatollah Shirazi died who was one of the inspirations for the 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 15 British PM Lloyd George wrote Sir Herbert Samuel that the French strongly
objected to Faisal becoming King of Iraq George felt that Faisal was a weak leader
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Aug 17 Ex-Ottoman Iraqi officers asked leading Shiite clergy for money Were
rejected by Sayid Tabikh who called the officers mercenaries
Aug 17 UK High Commissioner in Iraq Wilson said UK wanted good relations with religious leaders
and to stop 1920 Revolt before Iraqis eventually lost Imam Isfahani of Najaf replied if UK continued with current policy would be more fighting
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 22 TE Lawrence wrote OpEd in Sunday Times Said UK led into trap in Mesopotamia Blamed
UK High Commissioner Wilson for bad administration that disgraced the British empire Said it was worse than Ottomans Said UK was wasting money Asked when problems would end
Aug 25 British gave limited self-rule in Najaf to try to stop 1920 Revolt there
Aug 25 UK Cmdr Gen Haldane wrote that almost all the tribes north of Diyala had
joined the revolt and was afraid it was spreading to Kirkuk and Irbil
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 26 War Minister Churchill wrote PM George that he thought reinforcements from India
would lead to victory in 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 27 British forced to withdraw from Shatra during 1920 Revolt British were able to
retake Baquba from tribes
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 28 UK supply ships arrived at UK garrison in Samawa but had been devastated by rebel attacks
during 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Aug 30 War Minister Churchill denied Middle East commander Gen Haldane additional
reinforcements to put down 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Sep 1 All but 1 policeman abandoned his job in Suq al-Shuyuk during 1920 Revolt
Forced British to withdraw from town
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Sep 3 UK army ordered two outer camps in Samawa be abandoned during siege of town Led to
heavy losses during 1920 Revolt
Sep 3 Rebels shelled Samawa with 2 captured British cannons British thought were under attack by
Turks because didn’t believe Arabs capable of using cannons
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Sep 5 Gertrude Bell wrote that Iraq was in the middle of a jihad during 1920 revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Sep 19 Gertrude Bell said 1920 Revolt was result of British not fulfilling promises to give Iraqis
their own govt Said UK was about to give Iraqis freedoms that no one in London ever thought of a result of revolt
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Sep 24 British took Fallujah during 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Sep 26 Ramadi fell to British during 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 1 Sir Percy Cox landed in Basra as new British high commissioner of Iraq Was
told to prepare for Iraqi independence
Oct 3 Gertrude Bell called mujtahids a group of popes standing in the way of British
plans Claimed Shiites were problem in Iraq Said Sunnis should rule Iraq because Shiites would impose a religions state That was why Mosul province had to be included in Iraq to add more Sunnis Said British were looking for Iraqi to be new ruler but couldn’t find one so had to pick a son of Sharif of Mecca
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Oct 4 All of Upper Euphrates modern day Anbar was under British control during 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 6 Sheikhs and notables signed Protest of the Iraqi Nation statement going over crimes of UK in
Iraq Said UK and France promised independence during WWI which is what Iraq wanted Said UK referendum backing Mandate was a farce
Oct 6 UK military relief column headed towards Samawa that was under siege Attacked by rebels
but drove them off during 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 7 UK forces defeated insurgents in Hindiya south of Hilla during 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 8 US Consul in Baghdad blamed UK High Commissioner Wilson’s heavy administration taxes
and bombing civilians for causing 1920 revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 10 Sayid Abu Tabikh made head of Iraqi provisional govt during 1920 Revolt
Oct 10 UK Gen Leslie wrote British troops setting up blockhouses along railway in south and
destroying all the villages they could and killing inhabitants which they enjoyed doing as punishment for 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 11 UK military force set out from Hilla to relieve garrison at Kufa Burned houses of Fatla tribe
along the way during 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 11 Sir Percy Cox arrived in Iraq to be High Commissioner Was to create an Arab govt to run
country
Oct 12 Tribes lost Rwairij to British during 1920 Revolt Led to clerics in Karbala to begin to
surrender
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 13 UK military relief force fought rebels outside Samawa Rebels withdrew during night
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 14 UK military took Kifl railway station Major transportation hub in mid-Euphrates
Oct 14 Bani Hassan tribe withdrew from 1920 Revolt after sheikhs took money from British
Oct 14 Rebel govt in Karbala asked to surrender in 48 hours during 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 17 Kufa fell to British during 1920 Revolt Led to surrender of Najaf next day Tribal siege of
Diwaniya also ended
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 18 Najaf surrendered to British in 1920 Revolt Was one of the centers of rebellion
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 19 UK Gen Leslie commended one of his subordinates for destroying villages around Hilla and
wiping out area around Karbala as punishment for 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 22 Iraq High Commission Sir Cox asked Jafaar al-Askari to return to Baghdad Would become
1st Defense Minister Askari ex-Ottoman officer Was Faisal’s military commander during Arab Revolt
Oct 23 Abd al-Rahman al-Gaylani selected by British to be Iraq’s 1st PM
Oct 24 Convoy heading from Mosul to Baghdad ambushed by tribesmen Killed Lt Faruqi of Arab
nationalist al-Ahd group who helped lead to Arab Revolt during WWI
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Oct 25 Jaafar al-Askari former Ottoman officer Faisal’s military commander during Arab Revolt
and officer in Arab Kingdom of Syria made Defense Minister Used 10 officers including brother in law Col Nuri al-Said to begin creation of new Royal Iraqi Army
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between the Two World Wars, The Militarist Origins of Tyranny)
Oct 26 UK High Commissioner Sir Cox formed Iraqi provisional govt after 1920 Revolt led British
to give up direct rule Abd Naqib of Baghdad was premier Had 21 ministers 12 with no portfolios Naqib opposed giving any ministries to Shiites
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq review Dictatorship, Imperialism & Chaos, Iraq since 1989)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
Oct 26 UK High Commissioner Sir Cox said Basra province showed no support for Mandate
Merchants in province just wanted to maintain status quo Mid-Euphrates sheikhs and landlords the same Baghdad and Mosul provinces want to have role in govt Intellectuals were nationalists
Nov 2 Iraq’s first cabinet held first meeting
Nov 3 UK Foreign Office official suggested US Standard Oil be allowed oil rights in Iraq to not
allow Turkish Petroleum Company a monopoly and faster development of industry
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
Nov 3 Gertrude Bell said Shiites were complaining about not being represented in cabinet but
dismissed them as being mostly Persians
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Nov 8 British military entered Karbala and arrested rebel leaders during 1920 Revolt Karbala one
of centers of rebellion
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Nov 11 League of Nations announced British Mandate in Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review An Analysis of Hanna Batatu’s The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Dictatorship, Imperialism & Chaos, Iraq since 1989)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
Nov 11 UK announced Council of State to lead new Arab govt under Abd al-Rahman al-Naqib al-
Gaylani Would become Iraq’s 1st premier
Nov 15 Report to UK Foreign Office said provisional Iraqi govt was set up in Karbala
during 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Nov 20 US complained 3rd time to UK about San Remo agreement that divided up Iraqi oil
between France and England
Nov 20 British worked out ceasefire with Hachcham tribe last one fighting in 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Nov 26 Last British correspondence saying that 1920 Revolt had ended UK lost 2,269 Iraqis
8,450
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
(Musings On Iraq book review Enemy On The Euphrates, The Battle For Iraq 1914-1921)
Nov 29 Gertrude Bell wrote few tribes were talking about self-rule and many rejected it in Basra
Said only way Iraq would be at peace was if Arab govt created and tribes subdued by force after 1920 Revolt
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
(Musings On Iraq review of Reclaiming Iraq, The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State)
Nov 30 British said all of its colonial offices were under control of Iraq council of state
Dec 2 UK High Commissioner for Iraq Sir Henry Dobbs wrote that conscription in Iraq would
cause revolt and was already problem in Basra Said authority of Iraqi govt depended upon British backing and military power
Dec 4 Faisal met with King George V in London Got no support for being king of Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Dec 4 Churchill wrote PM George that his desire to hold Mosul and Mesopotamia was compromised
by his anti-Turk policy that was threatening Mosul
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
Dec 13 Churchill argued at cabinet meeting that British should withdraw to Basra province to save
money in Mesopotamia
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
Dec 23 Iraq-Syria border set with Deir Ezzour going to latter
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
Dec 25 Gertrude Bell wrote that Faisal was the only solution to Iraq and its first choice to be king
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Dec 26 Iraq High Commissioner Sir Percy Cox wrote Iraqis wanted an outsider as ruler UK didn’t
need an election to pick one Could fix it so Faisal would become King
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Dec 31 Iraq High Commissioner Sir Cox reported that many sheikhs of large confederations
supported Mandate and didn't want an Iraqi govt
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
1921
Jan 4 Foreign Min Lord Curzon told UK cabinet that French PM told him Faisal should not be made
king of Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Jan 6 Govt issued order to form Iraqi General Staff 1st unit of Iraqi army formed Recruited 250
former Ottoman officers and sent them for British training
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between the Two World Wars, The Militarist Origins of Tyranny)
Jan 7 UK Foreign Sec Lord Curzon told Col Cornwallis of Foreign Office to talk to Faisal Tell him
he could become king of Iraq if he got his father the Sharif of Hijaz to back Versailles Treaty Faisal would have to do all the work
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Jan 7 UK PM Lloyd George agreed to Churchill’s request to create Colonial Office with him as its
head to run Mesopotamia and Palestine
Jan 8 Colonial Sec Churchill wrote UK High Commissioner Sir Percy Cox saying too expensive to
maintain UK forces in Mesopotamia therefore Arab govt should be created to run things
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Jan 8 Faisal turned down UK’s unofficial support to be king of Iraq Said his father wanted his
brother Abdullah to be king He would only go to Iraq if UK rejected his brother
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Jan 9 Foreign Sec Lord Curzon wrote Colonial Sec Churchill supporting Faisal for Iraq’s
monarch
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Jan 9 Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon wrote Iraq High Commissioner Sir Percy Cox govt was not
opposed to Faisal being king of Iraq but had to get local support
Jan 10 Gertrude Bell letter said if British had created Iraqi state 2 years ago there would
have been no 1920 Revolt and blamed High Commissioner Wilson
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Jan 12 Colonial Sec Churchill wrote Sir Percy Cox asking him what he thought of Faisal
Jan 12 Colonial Sec Churchill wrote to Foreign Minister Lord Curzon Said that Faisal might be best
man to be Iraq’s monarch
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Jan 22 Gertrude Bell wrote that British officers in Mosul province thought they could
convince Kurds to vote for Faisal as king in referendum They didn’t
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Feb 7 Gertrude Bell wrote that Shiites were mad that they were not in govt and govt
wanted to remain all Sunni
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Feb 12 Fmr Ottoman officer Fmr Arab Revolt officer Nuri al-Said appointed general commander
Would become chief of general staff of Iraqi army
Feb 18 Colonial Sec Churchill drafted outline of agenda for Cairo Conference Included Faisal being
made king of Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Feb 18 Nuri al-Said returned to Baghdad from Syria Would become 1st chief of staff of Iraqi army
through his brother in law Defense Min Askari Was fmr Ottoman officer who fought with Faisal against Turks and served him in Syria
Feb 22 Colonial Sec Churchill wrote PM George that he thought an Arab govt should be created to
run Mesopotamia for UK
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Feb 22 Colonial Sec Churchill met Faisal future king of Iraq for the first time
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Feb 24 Colonial Sec Churchill met with French who argued against Faisal being put in power in
Mesopotamia because of his record in Syria against France
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Mar 12 Start of Cairo Conference where Britain decided on its future Middle East policy
with Mesopotamia being a centerpiece Colonial Sec Churchill’s main concern at Cairo Conference was cutting costs for London Said British troops would be withdrawn in Mesopotamia as quickly as possible Air power would be used instead for control Sir Percy Cox and Gen Haldane objected to Churchill’s troops reduction plan saying soldiers still needed in Mesopotamia Royal Air Force said it would need another year to set up in Mesopotamia Meant Churchill could not withdraw British troops as quickly as he wanted Most at conference supported a Hashemite either Faisal or Abdullah becoming ruler in Mesopotamia Churchill said putting Faisal in power in Mesopotamia would be part of larger policy to have Hashemites beholden to England in Mecca and Transjordan Churchill believed putting Faisal in power would lead to Mesopotamian govt that could run things and save UK money Churchill was open to creating a Kurdish state Thought would be a buffer between Turkey and Mesopotamia Sir Percy Cox and Gertrude Bell argued for a unitary Mesopotamian state that included Kurds at Cairo Conference
(Musings On Iraq How England Chose Feisal As 1st King Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope)
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Mar 12 Colonial Secretary Churchill wrote PM George saying UK troop costs in
Mesopotamia were a huge waste and there would be a quick withdrawal
Mar 14 Colonial Sec Churchill wrote PM Lloyd George Said making Faisal king of Iraq best chance
for UK to save money in Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Mar 15 During Cairo conference Colonial Sec Churchill set up committee of Sir Percy Cox Gertrude
Bell TE Lawrence Hubert Young and Lt Cmdr Noel to discuss future of Kurds in Iraq
Mar 16 Colonial Sec Churchill told Foreign Secretary Lloyd George there was no longer a plan for a
Kurdish state Instead Kurds would be included in new Iraq
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope)
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurdish Revolt 1961-1970)
(Musings On Iraq review People Without A Country, The Kurds and Kurdistan)
Mar 19 UK Cairo Conference decided that independent Mesopotamia govt would pay
part of British expenses especially for troops Decided that Sir Percy Cox would offer amnesty for those involved in 1920 Revolt Then Faisal would offer his services to Mesopotamia as a way into power Decided an Anglo-Mesopotamia treaty would be necessary to ensure relations between two countries
(Musings On Iraq How England Chose Feisal As 1st King Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Mar 21 Colonial Secretary Churchill wrote PM George lobbying for Faisal to be approved
as new ruler of Mesopotamia
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Mar 22 UK Cabinet approved Colonial Secretary Churchill’s choice of Faisal as new
ruler in Mesopotamia
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Imagining The Nation, Nationalism, Sectarianism and Socio-Political Conflict in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Mar 22 PM Lloyd George told Colonial Sec Churchill that Sir Percy Cox should return to Iraq and
set stage for Faisal becoming king
Mar 23 UK Foreign Secretary told French Ambassador to UK that London had run into
problems and large expenses in Mesopotamia and that had led to decision to give the Arabs their own govt
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
Mar 30 Cairo Conference decided on indirect rule in Iraq Would make Faisal King of a pro-
British Iraqi govt allowing withdrawal of British forces Would keep naval presence in Basra RAF squadrons in rest of Iraq Maintained British High Commissioner for Iraq and advisers within Iraqi govt
(Musings On Iraq How England Chose Feisal As 1st King Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review When God Made Hell, The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Apr 14 Sayid Talib al-Naqib at dinner party with French and Persian consuls to Iraq complained
about campaign to make Faisal king Threatened another uprising Talib wanted to be king
Apr 15 UK officials offered Faisal throne in Iraq He said Iraq not ready for self-govt
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Apr 16 Sayid Talib al-Naqib arrested by UK for threatening revolt against British if Faisal made
king of Iraq Talib wanted to be king
Apr 17 UK High Commissioner in Iraq Sir Cox exiled Sayid Talib al-Naqib to Ceylon because he
threatened revolt against UK if Faisal made king of Iraq Talib wanted to be king
Apr 20 Colonial Sec Churchill wrote Iraq High Commissioner Cox that Faisal needed to be told all
British would be out of Iraq by end of year unless he gave up demands for more power
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
May 3 Gertrude Bell wrote Mid-Euphrates tribes were perplexed that British picked Faisal to be
King of Iraq when he led revolt against British while king of Syria
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
May 26 Govt passed law allowing for enlistment to new Iraqi army
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between the Two World Wars, The Militarist Origins of Tyranny)
Jun 12 Gertrude Bell wrote that Faisal entering Iraq with the British wouldn’t have been as good
as him leading a jihad but he would still be an inspiration to the new Arab state of Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Jun 14 UK govt said it would place not stop Faisal from becoming King of Iraq
Jun 14 Colonial Sec Churchill asked Colonial Office if King Faisal was Sunni or Shiite and who
were the religious people in Karbala
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
Jun 23 Faisal arrived in Basra and then went to Najaf and Karbala as gesture towards Shiite clergy
as preparation to be crowned king Clerics opposed him
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Jun 29 Faisal arrived in Baghdad 1st time in preparation to be crowned king
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Jul 7 American consul in Baghdad wrote that Faisal would become King of Iraq even
though he was unpopular in the country
Jul 7 Naqib of Baghdad gave dinner where pledged support for Faisal as king
Jul 7 Gertrude Bell noted that Iraqi notables couldn’t wait for election to appoint Faisal
King because would take 2 months and that was too long
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Jul 11 Iraq council of state declared Faisal monarch of Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review Imagining The Nation, Nationalism, Sectarianism and Socio-Political Conflict in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review A History of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Jul 11 UK High Comm for Iraq Sir Cox invited Sayid al-Naqib one of main opponents to Faisal
becoming king to tea Then exiled him to Ceylon
Jul 18 Christian Jewish Muslim notables had meeting at Grad Rabbi’s house in Baghdad Gave
support for Faisal to be king after much lobbying by Gertrude Bell
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Jul 19 Royal Iraqi Military College opened
Aug 1 Gertrude Bell wrote US diplomat that England carried Faisal on its shoulders into power
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Aug 6 Gertrude Bell wrote that Iraq might be the best chance England had to straighten out the
Mideast and if it worked it would change relations between Europe and Asia
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Aug 14 Referendum finished that picked Faisal as king British fixed results
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Aug 14 Gertrude Bell wrote that Kurds in Irbil and Mosul had voted for Faisal in referendum and
in return they would get Kurdish officials
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
(Musings On Iraq review Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope)
Aug 15 Faisal said he wouldn’t accept restrictions on sovereignty included in UK’s
Iraq mandate Wanted an Anglo-Iraq treaty that would give him full power
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Aug 15 Colonial Sec Churchill wrote Iraq Commissioner Cox that Faisal needed to stop making
demands of UK and do what London told him
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Aug 19 UK cabinet decided Faisal would be coronated king and then Anglo-Iraq treaty drafted
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Imagining The Nation, Nationalism, Sectarianism and Socio-Political Conflict in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
Aug 21 King Faisal’s coronation Started negotiations over Anglo-Iraq treaty
(Musings On Iraq review The Role of the Military In Politics, A case study of Iraq to 1941)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Imagining The Nation, Nationalism, Sectarianism and Socio-Political Conflict in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review A History of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Empires of the Sand, The Struggle For Mastery In The Middle East 1789-1923)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Sep 4 Colonial Secretary Churchill memo said he supported Iraqi govt and independence to
maintain British influence in Iraq
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain’s Informal Empire In The Middle East, A Case Study of Iraq 1929-1941)
Sep 10 1st Iraqi cabinet formed under newly coronated King Faisal Abd al-Rahman al-Gaylani
became Iraq’s 1st PM
(Musings On Iraq review The Role of the Military In Politics, A case study of Iraq to 1941)
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
Sep 11 1st Iraqi cabinet met Agreed to continue development of Iraqi army
Sep 25 Gertrude Bell wrote Faisal was unpopular and resented for being installed by British
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Oct 1 UK Air Marshall Sir Salmond named military commander in Iraq
Oct 6 Sir Percy Cox arrived in Baghdad to become High Commissioner of Iraq Had orders to end
military administration create constitution set up provisional Arab govt
Nov 3 Gertrude Bell went to Kirkuk to try to win over Kurds and Turkmen to support King Faisal
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Nov 24 Colonial Sec Churchill memo said when King Faisal could pay for his own govt he could
decide the future of Iraq Until then UK was footing the bill
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
Dec 4 UK High Commission for Iraq Sir Cox wrote Colonial Sec Churchill that more power King
Faisal got easier it would be for UK to influence country
1922
Feb 1 UK intel report said cabinet told Def Min to count time in Arab Revolt in WWI
double for pensions vs officers that joined afterward to privilege ex-Ottoman officers that originally joined King Faisal Favored Iraqi leaders like Jaafar al-Askari and Nuri al-Said
(Musings On Iraq review A History of Iraq)
Feb 8 UK Secretary of State for War Evans wrote cabinet Iraqi army weak British
military presence small Iraq vulnerable to Turkey tribal unrest so UK should withdraw from Mosul and fall back to just Basra
Feb 9 UK cabinet adopted Colonial Secretary Churchill’s proposal to put Royal Air
Force in charge of security in Iraq replacing army Churchill believed RAF control would cut costs for London
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Feb 16 Gertrude Bell complained to her father that King Faisal had surrounded himself with
nationalists that demanded Iraq’s complete independence from England
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Feb 21 British official told Foreign Office it should back King Faisal because that would allow
England to exit Iraq and escape expenses of running country
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Feb 23 King Faisal wrote UK High Commissioner Cox Faisal said he couldn’t stop creation of
British Mandate in Iraq but wanted a treaty to determine relations because mandate so unpopular amongst Iraqis
Mar 6 King Faisal threatened to end Anglo-Iraq treaty talks if term mandate wasn’t dropped from
Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Mar 11 Wahabi Ikhwan from Saudi Arabia attacked south of Nasiriya slaughtering civilians
Mar 27 General Haldane commander of UK forces compared Iraqis to children
Apr 1 Leading cleric Mahdi al-Khalisi invited Sunni and Shiite sheikhs to Karbala to come up with
response Wahabi Ikhwan threat to Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
Apr 6 Fatwa issued by Shiite clerics said Saudi Ikhwan were brigands and Shiites
could fight them published in Iraqi paper
Apr 6 Shiite tribes mostly responsive to fatwa against Ikhwan Clerics were hoping
Sunni tribes would also respond but they thought Baghdad should deal with issue
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
Apr 9 Karbala conference led to call for war against Wahbis unless compensation paid
for raid in southern Iraq and if Ibn Saud didn’t punish Ikhwan
Apr 9 Ikhwan invasion of south Iraq resolved by letters between Iraq and Saudis
Ibn Saud apologized for attack
Apr 13 Karbala meeting of clergy and sheikhs issued petition calling for tribal force under
command of King Faisal to fight the Wahabi Ikhwan
Apr 19 Colonial Secretary Churchill said King Faisal’s demand that mandate be dropped
from Iraq impossible under League of Nations that created mandate
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Apr 28 UK Iraq Commissioner Cox said King Faisal racially weak for disagreeing with him
May 1 Najd-Iraq agreement tried to control tribal raids and define border
May 23 When Colonial Sec Churchill asked by parliament if King Faisal opposed British Mandate
Churchill said no Faisal was against Mandate When news reached Iraq was 1st page in papers Angered Iraqis
May 24 Mujtahid Sheikh Mahdi al-Khalisi told mid-Euphrates tribes that British trying
to get their way with new Anglo-Iraq treaty
Jun 4 Gertrude Bell said King Faisal was indecisive and lacked backbone to stand up to others
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
(Musings On Iraq review The Role of the Military In Politics, A case study of Iraq to 1941)
Jun 21 Nephew of cleric Khalisi arrested for posting anti-election fatwa in Khadimiya
Baghdad When police tried to arrest man for posting anti-election fatwa followers came to his aid but still detained
Jun 21 Mujtahid Khalisi called for shop closings in Khadimiya to protest nephew’s arrest Few
complied
Jun 22 Standard Oil told State Dept that it and other US companies were interested in
exploring in Iraq
Jun 22 Gertrude Bell wrote that Shiites were all under the pay of leading cleric Sheikh Mahdi
al-Khalisi who she said wasn’t an Arab but a Persian
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Jun 25 Iraqi cabinet accepted draft of Anglo-Iraq Treaty and passed it on to parliament to pass
Jun 26 Commerce Min Timman resigned over proposed Anglo-Iraq Treaty King Faisal ordered PM
Gaylani not to accept resignation
Jul 2 Law passed to establish political parties
Aug 2 Iraqi National Party formed 1 of 1st in country Rejected UK Mandate and Anglo-Iraq Treaty
Aug 3 New cabinet formed under PM Abd al-Rahman al-Gaylani
Aug 9 Def Min Askari threatened to resign if budget for army not expanded and conscription
started
Aug 14 Cabinet resigned due to king allowing anti-Anglo-Iraq Treaty opposition to spread
Aug 19 Iraqi Renaissance Party formed 1 of 1st in country Rejected UK Mandate and Anglo-Iraq
Treaty
Aug 23 Iraqi National Party and Iraqi Awakening declaration called for protests against British and
a Shiite premier Mohammed al-Sadr
Aug 23 Royal dinner in Baghdad Anti-British demonstration occurred led by Iraqi National Party
and Iraqi Awakening Backed by King Faisal
Aug 23 King Faisal struck by appendicitis leading to surgery UK High Commissioner for Iraq Sir
Percy Cox demanded that king arrest anti-British protesters but he refused With king sick Cox assumed control of govt He banned opposition, exiled and deported its leaders banned 2 opposition papers Silenced opposition and Shiite leaders
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
Aug 24 On anniversary of King Faisal’s coronation opposition gave him a petition
calling for an assembly to draft a constitution, elections for a parliament, and independence for Iraq
Aug 24 On his way to celebration for anniversary of King Faisal’s coronation British
High Commissioner for Iraq Sir Percy Cox was met by anti-British slogans being chanted outside the palace During celebration Haras Party leader Basir gave anti-British speech Cox demanded King punish perpetrators
Aug 25 British High Commissioner for Iraq Cox demanded apology from King Faisal
for anti-Mandate comment at his party
Aug 26 King Faisal apologized to British Iraqi Commissioner Sir Cox for anti-British comment
made at his coronation anniversary party
Aug 26 3 weeks after being legalized leaders of Iraqi National Party exiled for opposing UK
influence in Iraq
Aug 29 Turkish troops testing border with Iraq attacked Rania in Sulaymaniya
Aug 31 Gertrude Bell wrote King Faisal telling him that he was vain and weak
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Sep 1 UK Colonial Secretary Churchill wrote PM Lloyd George UK position in Iraq tenuous
Said Iraqi officials fouling up some provinces Iraq likely to face another budget deficit Differences with US meant Iraq oil not developed British had to keep troops in Mosul due to threat from Turkey Churchill argued that England should withdraw from Iraq because too costly
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Churchill’s Folly, How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq)
Sep 2 Turkish troops tested border with Iraq Seized Rania in Sulaymaniya after four days of
fighting
Sep 5 UK PM George told Colonial Secretary Churchill England was going to stay in
Iraq because of its oil potential George had thought about complete withdrawal
(Musings On Iraq Churchill In His Own Words On Mesopotamia/Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Sep 8 Gertrude Bell wrote that while King Faisal was beloved he was also weak and that was
because he was Oriental Was in relation to Faisal’s demand for Iraqi independence which Bell believed was due to Faisal’s nationalist advisers that she saw as troublemakers
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
(Musings On Iraq review Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied)
Sep 10 King Faisal returned to office after his appendices were removed King thanked British high Commissioner Sir Percy Cox for running govt in his absence and for shutting down opposition even though he’d supported it
Sep 11 Colonial Secretary Churchill told King Faisal accepted England supporting Iraq’s
membership in League of Nations after Anglo-Iraq Treaty signed Faisal demanded Iraqi sovereignty and thought he had right to League membership without England
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Sep 16 PM Gailani resigned over protests over Anglo-Iraq Treaty
Sep 28 King Faisal reinstated Naqib Abd Rahman al-Gailani as prime minister 2nd time and said he
supported the Anglo-Iraq Treaty
Sep 30 PM Naqib Gailani named new cabinet Was to pass new Anglo-Iraq Treaty before parliament
formed so it wouldn’t be debated Ensured British control of Iraq
Oct 1 UK Air Marshall Sir Salmond named military commander in Iraq
Oct 5 King Faisal accepted Anglo-Iraq Treaty
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Oct 5 UK Secretary of State for War Evans lobbied cabinet to withdraw from Mosul province
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
Oct 10 Anglo-Iraq Treaty signed Opposition parties opposed it Allowed British advisers in Iraqi
govt who would be paid for by Baghdad Said King Faisal would follow suggestions of High Commissioner for Iraq Military would be under British command Foreign relations would be controlled by London Services would be turned over to Iraq but it would have to pay costs of building them Iraq would run railroad but would be British owned Basra port would be run by trust under British direction Port would owe England $2.5 million Turkish debt would be held by Iraqi govt Foreigners charged with crimes would go to British court Was to last 20 years
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Oct 19 Royal decree called for 1st parliamentary elections
Oct 20 Interior Min Sadoun told governors to start preparing for parliamentary elections and to urge
voters to only elect candidates who would back Anglo-Iraq Treat
Oct 24 1st Parliamentary election started Opposed by Shiite clergy over representation Led to
postponement
Oct 25 Gertrude Bell wrote that King Faisal was trying to create his own party made up
of “extremists” but they were playing him
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Nov 5 Leading Shiite clerics Khalisi Isfahani Naini issued fatwas saying Muslims should not take
part in Iraqi elections
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
Nov 11 UK Colonial Sec argued UK should keep Mosul Said if Turks gained Mosul would be
threat to UK holdings in Iraq and King Faisal
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
Nov 15 Elections brought new PM Law to power in England who wanted to withdraw from Iraq
Created Iraq commission to review policy
Nov 16 UK cabinet voted to keep Mosul province as part of Iraq
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
Nov 16 PM al-Naqib al-Gaylani resigned over opposition from Shiite clergy
Nov 18 Sheikh Barzinji declared independent Kurdish kingdom in Sulaymaniya
(Musings On Iraq Explaining Kurdish Nationalism Interview With Teen Tech Univ Prof Michael Gunter)
Nov 18 Abd Muhsin Sadoun asked to be PM and form new cabinet Job was to pass Anglo-Iraq
Treaty and keep Mosul from Turkey
Nov 19 UK High Comm for Iraq Sir Cox Iraqi officials Nuri al-Said and Jaafar Askari and Ibn Saud
met to draw border between Iraq and what would become Saudi Arabia After 6 days Cox drew straight line dividing 2
(Musings On Iraq Drawing The Iraq-Saudi-Kuwait Border In The Sand)
Nov 20 Abd Sadoun became Iraq’s 2nd PM Would be PM 4 times
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
Nov 20 Lausanne conference convened to end WWI with Ottomans and decide whether British or
Turks got Mosul vilyat
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
Dec 2 2nd Najd-Iraq agreement created neutral zone between two
Dec 11 Colonial Office wrote only reason King Faisal accepted in Iraq was because he was
backed by British
Dec 12 Sir Herbert Samuel proposed UK create Arab state of Iraq Hijaz Palestine Trans-Jordan
maybe Najd Samuel believed large Arab state would contain pan-Arab desire and assuage fears of increased Jewish presence in Palestine because they would be part of a much larger Arab country
Dec 16 UK Lord of the Admiralty told Iraq commission Iraq oil would be important in case of war
in Far East
Dec 22 British cabinet said it wanted an independent Iraq and that Anglo-Iraq treaty would be best
way to maintain relationship
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Dec 24 Anglo-Iraq declaration to League of Nations talked about giving Kurds rights and own govt
in their region
(Musings On Iraq review Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope)
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurdish Revolt 1961-1970)
(Musings On Iraq review People Without A Country, The Kurds and Kurdistan)
1923
Jan 3 Administrative Inspectors Law reduced number of British advisers to Iraqi govt offices and
limited their power
Jan 15 UK Treasury wrote Iraq commission that Iraq too costly to administer
(Musings On Iraq review U.S. Policy In Post-Saddam Iraq)
Jan 23 Foreign Min Lord Curzon denied that oil had anything to do with UK wanting Mosul vilayet
to be part of Iraq Main reason was oil
Feb 15 UK Head of Board of Trade Sir Graeme told Iraq commission Iraq too costly and British
should withdraw
Feb 27 UK High Commissioner in Iraq Cox wrote London that Faisal complained Anglo-Iraq treaty
was only new phase of mandate instead of ending it
Mar 1 Date set by UK for Barzinji to give up his office and leave Sulaymaniya
Mar 3 After Barzinji refused to resign office and leave Sulaymaniya RAF bombed govt buildings in
Sulaymaniya
Mar 4 Barzinji fled Sulaymaniya after RAF bombing
Mar 4 New Iraq High Commissioner Dobbs reported UK had been effective in curbing Turkish
aspirations to take Mosul
Mar 23 UK Iraq commission issued final report Said British withdrawal would probably lead to
collapse of King Faisal and humiliation for British Said England should stay in Iraq to maintain pro-British govt in Arab world oppose Turkish expansion control Persian Gulf and Iraq oil
Apr 12 In response to Turkish threat to Mosul mujtahids issued fatwa forbidding Iraqis to fight for
British against fellow Muslims the Turks
Apr 12 Gertrude Bell wrote that mujtahids were all Persians and should be deported for issuing
fatwa against Iraq defending Mosul against Turks
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Apr 22 British troops occupied Rowanduz in military campaign to subdue Kurds
opposed to being included in new Iraq Mandate Were backed by Turks
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurdish Revolt 1961-1970)
Apr 26 UK’s Iraq committee presented findings and okayed by cabinet to stay path in Iraq
Apr 30 Iraq High Commissioners Sir Percy Cox recalled to London Issued protocol to shorten
Anglo-Iraq Treaty from 20 to 4 years to appease Iraq
May 5 Iraq High Commissioner Sir Percy Cox left country Replaced by Sir Henry Dobbs
May 10 Sir Henry Dobbs the High Commission wrote to the American Consul in Iraq
that King Faisal was not a strong leader and he expected trouble under his rule
Jun 9 Law of Immigration amended allowing deportation of foreigners who took part in anti-govt
activities
Jun 21 Nephew of cleric al-Khalisi arrested for posting fatwa against parliamentary elections in
Kadhimiya When Khalisi’s son tried to post fatwa police arrested him and one other son Khalisi called for shops in Khadimiya and Baghdad to close in protest but few complied
Jun 24 Protests against voting on Anglo-Iraq treaty in Karbala
Jun 25 Leading cleric Khalisi arrested for opposing parliamentary elections Some Shiite clergy
were calling for boycott
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
Jun 26 Leading cleric Khalisi 2 of his sons and his nephew were deported to Iran for opposing
parliamentary elections
Jun 27 Persian clerics and businesses in Najaf protested deportation of cleric Khalisi for his
opposition to parliamentary elections
Jun 27 Clerics Isfahani and Nayini led protest to Karbala trying to get clerics and
religious students to leave for Persia to protest deportation of cleric Khalisi
Jun 29 Clerics Isfahani and Nayini arrived in Karbala in protest march against deportation of cleric
Khalisi for opposing parliamentary elections but only two other clerics joined them
Jul 2 9 leading Iranian clerics left Iraq for Iran to protest coming parliamentary elections
Jul 3 35 clerics and religious students left Iraq for Persia to protest deportation of
cleric Khalisi for his opposition to parliamentary elections
Jul 5 UK report Shiites wanted a weak Mandate so they could set up their own theocracy
Hoped King Faisal would be able to win loyalty of people and undermine Shiite clerics Shiites also mistrusted elections and believed all power would go to Sunnis Also didn’t seem to like Faisal
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
Jul 12 1st Parliamentary elections resumed after protests by Shiite clergy led to delay
Jul 18 UK adv to Interior Ministry wrote new Iraq High Commissioners Henry Dobbs that deporting
cleric Khalisi who opposed parliamentary elections was historic because it set back Persian influence in Iraq and showed power of Mandate
Jul 22 UK Minister to Tehran arrived in Baghdad to discuss deportation and immigration
of Iraqi opposition figures to Persia Iraqi govt said they could return after parliamentary elections
Jul 24 Turkey signed Treaty of Lausanne agreeing to League of Nations deciding future of Mosul
Gave up call for Kurdish independence
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Sep 11 UK Adv to Interior Min Cornwallis asked British provincial advisors to send him names of
candidates for Iraq’s first parliament that would vote for the Anglo-Iraq Treaty
Nov 15 PM Sadoun resigned as cabinet ceased to function along with disputes between King Faisal
and Shiite clergy
Nov 22 Jaafar al-Askari became Iraq’s 3rd PM Would be PM twice Shiites got Education and
Finance Ministries Shiite leaders pledged allegiance to King Faisal as a result Govt was to hold Iraq’s 1st parliamentary elections
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
1924
Feb 7 UK Colonial Sec Thomas wrote British air power was effective way to control rebellious
tribes in Iraq
Feb 8 UK Adv to Interior Min Cornwallis sent British provincial advisors and governors list of
candidates for Iraq’s first parliament Was meant to ensure they would be pro-British and vote for Anglo-Iraq Treaty
Feb 25 1st parliamentary elections completed 74 of 89 British candidates won Voting was probably
fixed by UK
Mar 27 New parliament met for 1st time to ratify Anglo-Iraq Treaty write constitution
write law for parliamentary elections Was lots of opposition to treaty Some wanted to amend treaty which UK rejected
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Democratic Moment)
Apr 30 Baghdad said willing to give land to Assyrians
(Musings On Iraq review of The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
May 10 Only 54 out of 110 deputies showed up to parliament Short of quorum Were supposed to
discuss Anglo-Iraq Treaty Was street demonstration in Baghdad against treaty
May 19 Sir Percy Cox told Constantinople Conference Assyrians would be settled in northern
Iraq by govt
(Musings On Iraq review of The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
May 21 Turkey told Constantinople Conference Assyrians should return to Turkey
(Musings On Iraq review of The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
May 31 UK High Commissioner for Iraq said Assyrians would get autonomous homeland
in Dohuk Called on Iraqi govt to grant Assyrians land
(Musings On Iraq review of The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
Jun 2 UK run Baghdad Times said if Anglo-Iraq Treaty not ratified Iraq would lost
Mosul to Turks
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
Jun 4 Anti-British protests in Baghdad closed parliament
Jun 6 UK run Baghdad Times said Iraqis were turning on British protection for Mosul
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
Jun 8 UK run Baghdad Times said England would give Iraq independence in 4 yrs
at most if Anglo-Iraq Treaty passed
Jun 10 UK High Commissioner for Iraq Sir Percy Cox set June 10 as deadline for Iraq parliament
to pass Anglo-Iraq Treaty but failed to do so Cox took Iraqi MPs from their homes and forced them to approve treaty
Jul 10 First elections held in Iraq Was for Constituent Assembly
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Democratic Moment)
Jul 31 MP Daud Chalabi rejected quotas in new parliament for minorities claiming
elections would be by population ensuring everyone representation
Aug 2 Yasin al-Hashemi became 4th PM of Iraq Would be PM twice Was ordered to organize elections
for an assembly to draft a constitution Keep Mosul from Turkey Deal with govt being broke
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
Aug 20 Umma Party formed Mostly made up of lawyers
Aug 23 American Consul in Iraq said King Faisal had no popular support and many
were openly opposed to him
Sep 30 Frontier Commission appointed to determine border between new nation of
Turkey and Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Nov 15 Frontier Commission started demarcating border between Iraq and new nation of Turkey
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Dec 4 Sir Henry Dobbs wrote Colonial Secretary Said King Faisal was a foreigner in Iraq who
wasn’t able to build support amongst the population Said authority of Iraqi govt depended upon British backing and its military might
1925
Jan 27 League of Nations Commission on Mosul arrived in province to protests
Commission interviewed hundreds of locals and mapped economy, land, trade routes, ethnicities
(Musings On Iraq review The Modern History of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
Feb 4 League of Nations’ Mosul commission final report said Mosul should go to
British Iraq Mandate with Kurds getting concessions Also said British Mandate should continue in Iraq to ensure stability
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope)
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurdish Revolt 1961-1970)
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq & the Kurdish Question, 1958-70)
Mar 14 Iraq deal gave Turkish Petroleum Company right to explore for oil in entire country Was
done before Iraq constitution finished so didn’t have to be debated in parliament
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Burdens, Oil, Sanctions and Underdevelopment)
Mar 21 King Faisal signed new election law and Organic Law/constitution King confirmed all laws
Could call elections Dissolve parliament Pick PM and members of Senate
Apr 14 British declined Iraqi request to form Royal Iraqi Air Force
Apr 25 Iran officially recognized Iraq after laws discriminating against Persian nationals
in Iraq were removed
May 11 British Colonial Secretary wrote Arab elites knew Iraq was being held together by
England
Jun 11 Head of League of Nations Mosul Commission called King Faisal a “poor creature”
Jun 11 British intel report Iraqi govt picked MPs privately Political parties had no power
and no programs
Jun 26 Abdul Sadoun became PM of Iraq for 2nd time Would be PM 4 times Formed Al-Taqadum
Party Ordered to hold elections for new parliament
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
Jul 17 Frontier Commission report to League of Nations on where border between
Turkey and UK controlled Iraq should be Said Mosul vilayat should be in Iraq after British seized it after WW1 armistice Said Assyrians should return to Turkey
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Turkey, the US and Iraq)
Sep 19 Turks went to Permanent Court of International Justice to try to keep Mosul province
after League of Nations said it should go to Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Nov 1 British met with Ibn Saud and signed treaty to try to control Wahabi Ikhwan raids into Iraq
Nov 21 International Court of Justice ruled League of Nations could determine future of Mosul
province
Dec 8 Turkey told League of Nations it refused to accept League as arbiter of Mosul’s future
Dec 16 League of Nations said British Mandate in Iraq would last 25 yrs or until Iraq entered
League Kurds would get own administration and schools Set Turkey-Iraq border with Mosul province going to Iraq
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Turkey, the US and Iraq)
1926
Jan 18 Anglo-Iraq Treaty finally confirmed by Iraq’s parliament Ensured British control of govt
foreign affairs and military bases
Jan 21 PM Sadoun said all Iraqis should have rights which meant Kurds should be given their
rights Nothing happened afterward
Apr 21 Turks told British it no longer wanted Mosul just a stake in the province’s oil
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
May 30 Verbal agreement made between British and Turks to give Turkey 10% of
Mosul oil revenues for 25 years in return for giving up claims to province
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Turkey, the US and Iraq)
Jun 5 Turkey and England agreed to have Mosul join Iraq as part of Treaty of Ankara
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Turkey, the US and Iraq)
Jul 5 Turkey and Britain signed treaty setting Turkey-Iraq border UK agreed to give
Turkey 10% of Mosul oil revenues in return
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Turkey, the US and Iraq)
Jul 11 Gertrude Bell head of Iraqi antiquities committed suicide in Baghdad
(Musings On Iraq review of Gertrude Bell And Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Gertrude Bell, Explorer of the Middle East)
(Musings On Iraq movie review Letters from Baghdad)
(Musings On Iraq review Desert Queen, The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia)
Jul 18 Turkey and England agreed on final border between Iraq and Turkey
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Turkey, the US and Iraq)
Nov 1 2nd cabinet of PM Sadoun resigned after new parliament failed to elect Hikmat Suliman as
speaker Led King Faisal to ask Jaafar al-Askari to be PM
Nov 21 Jaafar al-Askari became PM of Iraq for 2nd time Had to deal with passing Anglo-Iraq Treaty
conscription and Shiite protests
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
1927
Jan 30 1st student strike in Iraq over Lebanese teacher writing book which attacked Shiites Teacher
fired and book banned Students called for freedom of speech and teacher be reinstated Broken up by fire dept and police Al-Ahali leaders arrested
(Musings On Iraq review The Modern History of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Red Star Over Iraq, Iraqi Communism Before Saddam)
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Democratic Moment)
(Musings On Iraq Interview with Prof Johan Franzen on the history of the Iraqi Communist Party)
Feb 24 UK Iraq Commissioner Dobbs said that if Iraq not given independence would be
unrest and England would have to re-occupy country or leave
Apr 4 UK official LS Amery wrote Foreign Secretary Austen Chamberlain Said British got
Mosul by trick promising 25 year British Mandate in Iraq but now pushing for Iraqi independence seven years later
May 8 Iraqi cabinet resolution said Assyrians would be settled in the country
(Musings On Iraq review of The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
May 19 PM Askari asked British 3rd time to form Royal Iraqi Air Force London agreed
(Musings On Iraq review Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970)
May 27 King Faisal asked Shiite politicians to support conscription but opposed by clergy King
thought conscription would expand army and allow for Iraqi independence from England
Jun 8 Conscription bill read in parliament for 1st time Would never pass Govt thought it would
create national unity Opposed by UK who didn’t think Baghdad could pay for more soldiers and Shiites and Kurds who didn’t want to be foot soldiers with Sunni officers
Jun 9 UK Colonial Secretary memo said after Iraq independence new Anglo-Iraq Treaty would
assure British influence in country
Jun 14 UK High Commissioner for Iraq Dobbs wrote Colonial Sec Amery that King Faisal Hasheni
Said were telling Iraqis that all UK forces would withdraw end of 1927 if Iraq gained independence Meant to scare people into supporting army conscription
Jun 17 Lord Cecil said British public opinion was overwhelmingly against staying in Iraq
Jul 10 Clash between Shiites observing Ashura and police Led to several dead and over 100
wounded in Khadmiya
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
Jul 21 King Faisal told UK Colonial Sec he wanted to revise Anglo-Iraq Treaty which he thought
included major concessions and Iraqi independence in 1928
Jul 28 British report Difficult to settle Assyrians in north because land already inhabited
(Musings On Iraq review of The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
Aug 14 Report Assyrians refused to settle in northern Iraq
(Musings On Iraq review of The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
Sep 11 UK Colonial Office told UK High Commissioner for Iraq that London was prepared to
suspend 1927 Anglo-Iraq Treaty and push for Iraq’s admittance to League of Nations Ended 2 yr deadlock with Iraq
Sep 12 Meetings in Najaf of Shiite politicians and clergy Some called for Shiite state in south but
turned down Ended religious ban on Shiites working for govt Called for half govt positions for Shiites equality in govt appointments and holding new elections
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
Oct 14 Turkish Petroleum Company struck oil at Baba Gurgur field, Kirkuk starting Iraq’s oil
industry
(Musings On Iraq review Imagining The Nation, Nationalism, Sectarianism and Socio-Political Conflict in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Modern History of Iraq)
Oct 15 1st successful oil well started at Baba Gurgur field in Kirkuk
(Musings On Iraq review Imagining The Nation, Nationalism, Sectarianism and Socio-Political Conflict in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Modern History of Iraq)
Nov 12 Kurdish MP Rowanduzi said Shiites and Kurds both opposed govt conscription for army
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between the Two World Wars, The Militarist Origins of Tyranny)
Nov 21 King Faisal asked for full Iraqi independence and ending roll of British High
Commissioner in negotiations over new Anglo-Iraq Treaty
Nov 29 UK Foreign Secretary Chamberlain told King Faisal talks over Anglo-Iraq Treaty should
be delayed for two years and Faisal would have to run Iraq on his own British knew Faisal afraid of potential unrest and were trying to intimidate him during negotiations over new treaty Tactic worked
Dec 5 Draft of Anglo-Iraq Treaty written by UK Colonial Office Said Iraq independent state to
appease Iraqis when under British control
Dec 14 PM Askari and Foreign Office agreed on new Anglo-Iraq Treaty Had to be passed by Iraqi
parliament
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
1928
Jan 2 Ministers Yasin al-Hashemi and Rashid Ali al-Gailani resigned in protest over new Anglo-Iraq
Treaty
Jan 8 Conscription law failed in parliament King Faisal and allies were hoping conscription would
expand army create national feeling allow Iraqi independence from England
Jan 8 PM Askari resigned No progress on passing Anglo-Iraq Treaty Conscription failed Shiite
protests
Jan 14 Abdul Sadoun became PM for 3rd of 4 times Replaced Askari who was forced to resign over
opposition to his conscription plan for army Sadoun compromise between King and England to try to get Anglo-Iraq Treaty passed
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between the Two World Wars, The Militarist Origins of Tyranny)
Jan 18 Parliament dissolved PM Sadoun called for new elections hoping for new one to back his
govt so he could renegotiate conscription law, fix finances and pass new Anglo-Iraq Treaty
Jan 30 Sheikh Dhari who led revolt against British in Upper Euphrates/Anbar sentenced
to death Was commuted to life in prison
Feb 1 British sent note to Iraqi govt saying opposed conscription and if govt ran into problems over
it British wouldn’t help
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between the Two World Wars, The Militarist Origins of Tyranny)
Feb 8 Protest by law students in Baghdad against British Zionist Mond’s planned visit to study
fertilizer Broken up by police Al-Ahali leaders arrested
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Democratic Moment)
Feb 9 Curfew in Baghdad to stop student protests over British Zionist’s planned visit to study
fertilizer Protest leaders arrested
Feb 28 Al-Ahali leaders whipped by police for student strike Some left Iraq afterward
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Democratic Moment)
May 21 British official said Iraqi provincial administrators picked who would be elected to
parliament
Jul 31 Red Line Agreement allowed British Dutch French US Turkish oil companies to jointly
control Turkish Petroleum Company Would lead to creation of Iraq Petroleum Company
Aug 1 1st Iraqi students sent to Royal Air Force college in England for training to form first pilots of
Royal Iraqi Air Force
(Musings On Iraq review Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970)
Oct 18 Shiite sheikhs issued statement about conscription saying only the Shiites would be drafted
as Kurds and western tribes would never allow it meaning Shiites would make all the sacrifices
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between the Two World Wars, The Militarist Origins of Tyranny)
Nov 14 PM Sadoun formed new cabinet Was weak because not backed by King Faisal nationalists or
Shiites
Dec 2 Sir Henry Dobbs wrote that conscription in Iraq would cause revolt and was already problem
in Basra
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq Between the Two World Wars, The Militarist Origins of Tyranny)
1929
Jan 15 Sir Henry Dobbs said King Faisal was like a “chameleon” who would always change and
drove those around him mad
Jan 20 PM Sadoun resigned because no progress in talks over new Anglo-Iraq Treaty
Mar 9 British appointed Air Inspector to control new Royal Iraqi Air Force
(Musings On Iraq review Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970)
Apr 3 Persian Shah and King Faisal passed notes that legal barriers over unequal treatment of
Persian nationals in Iraq had been lifted
Apr 25 Iran officially recognized Iraq as a country Hadn’t before due to complaints of mistreatment
of Persians in Iraq
Apr 28 Tawfiq al-Suwaidi became PM with understanding he would not negotiate new Anglo-Iraq
Treaty Would hold office 3 times His cabinet caused crises with British demanding immediate independence
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review My Memoirs, Half a Century of the History of Iraq and the Arab Cause)
Jul 17 PM Suwaidi asked for reduction of British advisors in Iraqi govt in attempt to unite his
divided cabinet
(Musings On Iraq review My Memoirs, Half a Century of the History of Iraq and the Arab Cause)
Jul 22 Iraq High Commissioner Sir Gilbert Clayton said giving Iraq concessions was best way to
maintain good relations with Iraq and bad negotiations would have opposite effect
Aug 29 100,000 protested in Baghdad in response to Palestine riots where Arabs and Jews attacked
each other and 100s killed Police tried to break up gathering which led to riot and attacks upon Jewish businesses on Rashid St
Sep 9 UK cabinet ordered drafting of new Anglo-Iraq Treaty Would include Iraqi independence in
1932
Sep 11 Iraq High Commissioner Clayton told Baghdad that it would be admitted to League of
Nations for independence in 1932 He then died
(Musings On Iraq review Britain’s Informal Empire In The Middle East, A Case Study of Iraq 1929-1941)
Sep 13 Jews attended meeting of Arab nationalists in Baghdad against UK and Zionists in Palestine
accused the Iraqi government of being under British influence
Sep 14 Acting Iraq High Commissioner Air Vice Marshal Brooke-Popham told King Faisal that
UK had not changed its position on new Anglo-Iraq Treaty or Iraqi independence
Sep 19 PM Suwaidi resigned due to opposition by King Faisal and Nuri al-Said Abdul Sadoun
became PM for 4th time Sadoun said that Acting UK High Commissioner for Iraq’s latest statement met some of Iraq’s demands for independence when it didn’t
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
Nov 13 PM Sadoun shot himself due to criticism he faced over his performance Suicide note said he
couldn’t live being seen as a puppet of the British Called Iraqis weak
Nov 18 Naji al-Suwaidi became PM Tried to get powers for Iraqi govt from UK but failed
Dec 23 General Taha al-Hashemi made Chief of General Staff
Dec 28 Fmr Iraq High Commissioner Dobbs said if Iraq moved forward in its own dysfunctional
way and was better off than it was under Ottomans England would have succeeded
1930
Feb 22 UK hosted meeting between Iraq and Najd future Saudi Arabia Settled all border and
tribal issues
Mar 19 PM Suwadi’s cabinet resigned over lack of progress in gaining powers and concessions
from UK
Mar 23 Nuri al-Said became PM for 1st of 9 tmes Went after opposition Silenced press Controlled
parliament Was picked by King Faisal to assure passage of Anglo-Iraq Treaty
(Musings On Iraq interview with Historian Phebe Marr comparing PM Said with PM Maliki)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Western Kentucky’s Prof Romero on the Qasim govt)
(Musings On Iraq review The Chatham House Version and other Middle-Eastern Studies)
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Democratic Moment)
(Musings On Iraq review A History of Iraq)
Jun 30 Anglo-Iraq Treaty agreed on independence in Oct 1932 Allowed British to keep
military in Iraq and use Iraqi territory for 25 years PM Said didn’t tell govt Minister Ayubi resigned in protest
(Musings On Iraq review Britain’s Informal Empire In The Middle East, A Case Study of Iraq 1929-1941)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
Jul 17 UK intel officer wrote that senior Iraqi army officers gained positions through
corruption and connections to politicians Said were divorced form their troops and would follow any politician that could give them benefits
Aug 18 UK High Commissioner Humphrys and PM Said signed agreement that RAF was to evacuate
2 bases and those be given to Iraq Iraqi Railways was to be turned over to a corporation Port of Basra was to be run by trust
Sep 6 Riots in Sulaymaniya against parliamentary elections after some had called for boycott and
Baghdad replaced some local officials
Oct 19 2nd cabinet formed under PM Nuri al-Said
Nov 16 PM Said controlled Iraqi parliament ratified new Anglo-Iraq treaty ending British mandate
in 1932 but maintained British influence
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain’s Informal Empire In The Middle East, A Case Study of Iraq 1929-1941)
Nov 23 Watani Party said it opposed Anglo-Iraq Treaty and would be in opposition to any govt until
it was changed
1931
Mar 26 RAF bombed 3 villages in Sulaymaniya to save police who were surrounded by Barzinji’s
forces
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
May 13 Barzinji agreed to truce with Baghdad after a month of RAF bombing and actions by Iraqi
army Barzinji was sent to south as part of deal
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
May 19 PM Said got Local Languages Law passed as concession to Kurds
May 31 Iraq made first payment of oil revenues to Turkey in return for giving up claims
to Mosul
(Musings On Iraq How The Ottoman Province Of Mosul Became Part Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq interview with Princeton’s Sara Pursley on Sykes-Picot and creation of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review The Creation of Iraq 1914-1921)
(Musings On Iraq review Supremacy And Oil, Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930)
(Musings On Iraq review Turkey, the US and Iraq)
Apr 22 Commemorated as founding date of Royal Iraqi Air Force
(Musings On Iraq review Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970)
Jun 2 Royal decree authorized new municipal taxes leading to protests and general strike called by
opposition parties
Jul 5 Strike and protests started in Baghdad over Fees Law New tax on trades while economy
depressed
Jul 11 Meeting in Kadhimiya Tribes in Diwaniya agreed to protest new Fees Law tax on trades while
economy depressed
Jul 22 Shiite leaders told Yasin Hashemi they would back him for PM if they got
majority of cabinet posts
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Sep 25 Iraqi newspaper advocated for one party rule in Iraq under an autocrat King Faisal
Sep 26 Opposition Ikha party raided by police after strike ended over Fees Law tax on trades
Oct 19 PM Said named new cabinet Were 14 govts under Mandate
Oct 21 Royal Iraqi Air Force flew 1st combat mission attacking Kurdish rebels
(Musings On Iraq review Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970)
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurdish Revolt 1961-1970)
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurds, A Modern History)
(Musings On Iraq review Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope)
Dec 7 PM Said gave opposition leader Pachachi of Iraqi National Party ministership Pachachi
expelled from party He then joined Said’s al-Ahd party
Dec 9 PM Said sent army to surround Barzan but was beaten back by followers of Sheikh Ahmed
Barzani
1932
Jan 2 Al-Ahali Party formed Called for end of UK influence in Iraq Democracy Social and
economic reforms
(Musings On Iraq review Iraq’s Democratic Moment)
Feb 3 US Charge d’Affaires in Iraq said when King Faisal walked streets of Baghdad
didn’t pay attention to him and was only acknowledged by foreigners that recognized him
Feb 11 Executive Committee of the Shias in Iraq issued Manifesto Said no Shiite had been
elected to parliament from north and only 1-2 from the south, no Shiite given Interior Ministry or any other important post, land policy angered sheikhs, schools promoted Sunnism, few Shiite officials and all in low positions, called on England to remove govt and empower them against Sunnis
(Musings On Iraq review The Shi’is Of Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
Apr 22 Royal Iraqi Air Force bombed Sheikh Barzinji rebels in Kifri and Khanaqin
(Musings On Iraq review Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970)
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurds, A Modern History)
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurdish Revolt 1961-1970)
(Musings On Iraq Explaining Kurdish Nationalism Interview With Teen Tech Univ Prof Michael Gunter)
May 31 Kurdish revolt led by Sheikh Barzinji put down by RAF
(Musings On Iraq review Kurds of Iraq, Tragedy and Hope)
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurdish Revolt 1961-1970)
(Musings On Iraq Explaining Kurdish Nationalism Interview With Teen Tech Univ Prof Michael Gunter)
Jun 1 Most Assyrian Levies resigned over treatment of their community Worried about what new
Iraqi govt would do with them
(Musings On Iraq review of The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
Jun 6 Assyrian National Pact issued Demanded land outside Iraq to settle on Recognize Mar
Shimun as representative of community Schools Said Assyrian Levies would resign if demands not met Govt rejected pact worried other minorities would make similar demands
(Musings On Iraq review of The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
Jun 18 Assyrian religious leader Mar Shimun presented petition to League of
Nations Mandate Commission demanding autonomy for his people
(Musings On Iraq review of The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
Jun 22 Ahmed and Mullah Mustafa Barzani surrendered to Turks after being forced out of Iraq by
RAF bombing for opposing the settling of Assyrians in their area and refusing to pay taxes
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurds, A Modern History)
(Musings On Iraq review The Kurdish Revolt 1961-1970)
(Musings On Iraq Explaining Kurdish Nationalism Interview With Teen Tech Univ Prof Michael Gunter)
Jun 22 England concerned about resigned Assyrian Levies causing tension with Iraqi army England
flew in troops from Egypt to deter Levies and Baghdad
Jun 29 Assyrian leader Mar Shimun issued letter telling Assyrian Levies to stop resigning
Not all listened Over 400 still resigned
(Musings On Iraq review of The Tragedy of the Assyrian Minority in Iraq)
(Musings On Iraq review State and Society in Iraq)
Jul 21 Iraq sent letter to British High Commissioner Humphrie saying it recognized 1920 Iraq-
Kuwait border in order for Iraq to join League of Nations
(Musings On Iraq review Unholy Babylon, The Secret History of Saddam’s War)
Oct 3 Iraq gained independence from Britain
(Musings On Iraq review Britain In Iraq, Contriving King and Country)
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